托福语法讲解：简单句

 　　句子中除了主谓结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。

　　如：At night, I don't go out very often., 此句中at night, very often都是状语
　　介宾短语作状语是填空题的重要考点，若空格处或空格所在部分之后是完整的主谓句，且两部分之间多以逗号隔开，若选项中无从句结构或分词，此时空格处需填入介宾短语作状语。
　　例题：
　　(1)
　　----irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
　　(A) Its
　　(B) Where its
　　(C) Since its
　　(D) Because of its
　　答案：D
　　解释：此句主干完整, 主语是the use of phenol as a general antiseptic, 谓语是has been largely discontinued, 逗号之前应是状语. A构成名词短语, 与该句主语发生冲突; B、C欲构成从句, 但缺少从句的谓语动词; D恰好构成表示原因的状语, 短语because of 之后常接名词或动名词表原因, 如: He failed the exam because of his carelessness.
　　(2)
　　----a child, sculptor 1 Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic 2 talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.
　　(A) Has been
　　(B) It was while
　　(C) She was
　　(D) As
　　答案：D
　　解释：此句主干完整, 主语是sculptor, 谓语动词是showed, 之后是带有定语从句的宾语, 需填入状语. A、B、C 中的has been、was与showed相冲突, 违背谓语唯一原则. 介词词组As a child 相当于When she was a child.
　　(3)
　　.----, snakes frequently subdue 3 their prey 4 without injecting poison.
　　(A) Contrary to general belief
　　(B) General belief contrary to
　　(C) Belief contrary to general
　　(D) Contrary belief general to
　　答案：A
　　解释：给出部分是完整的句子, 从选项中可见此处缺少状语, be contrary to是固定词组, 表示“与……相反”, 介词to后需接宾语, 只有A符合上述条件
　宾语
　　1. 若谓语动词是及物的，那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当，也可是动名词、不定式等
　　如：He found a ladybird in his pencil-box.
　　I don't want to disturb you.
　　2. 宾语补足语
　　有相当一部分动词的宾语之后还需要补足语，宾语和补足语之间逻辑上是主谓关系，补足语可由名词、形容词、不定式等构成。
　　如：He found it necessary.
　　He asks me to help her.
　　TOEFL集中考的是make及make possible：
　　make的宾语之后多接形容词作补足语，如：make…clear, make…possible；也可接名词，如：make…a man, make…a doctor
　　make…possible的重考率较高，值得单独讲解，其实弄清了make possible的用法，也就不难举一反三了。
　　牢记make possible的三种形式：
　　1. make+名词+possible；
　　His financial aid makes this trip possible.
　　2. make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）
　　His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese student's entering of the world famous
　　university.
　　3. make it possible (for sb.)to do (见形式宾语部分)
　　The father's hard labor 5 makes it possible for the son to receive better education.
　　例题：
　　The United States Congress made Washington, D.C., ---- in 1800.
　　(A) after the government center
　　(B) of the government center
　　(C) the center of government
　　(D) then the center of government
　　答案：C
　　解释：空格处需要make的宾语Washington, D.C.的补足语，选项中只有C名词词组符合题意；D中的then是多余的
 同位语
　　同位语一般接在名词或代词后，对其进行补充说明，结构上和之前的词并列，多是主语和宾语带有同位语，有时同位语为表示强调可提前到主语之前。同位语主要由名词充当
　　如：Let me introduce Miss Green, my next-door neighbor. (逗号后是同位语)
　　The famous American poet, Whitman, is best remembered for his collection entitled Leaves of Grass. (Whitman之前是同位语)
　　填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构，且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边，则空格处需要填入同位语或定语
　　例题：
　　(1)
　　From 1946 to 1949, ----William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin 6 Islands.
　　(A) the lawyer
　　(B) he was the lawyer
　　(C) the lawyer who
　　(D) was the lawyer
　　答案：A
　　解释：给出部分主谓俱全，空白处只能是主语的修饰部分，A恰好构成同位语。B,D与原句主谓语冲突；C从句无谓语
　　(2)
　　The skyscraper 7, ----, is an architectural form that originated in the United States.
　　(A) is a tall commercial structure
　　(B) a tall commercial structure
　　(C) a tall commercial structure which
　　(D) of which a tall commercial structure
　　答案：B
　　解释：空格前是句子的主语, 空格后是谓语, 且空格两头都有逗号, 需填入的最可能是主语的同位语; A是谓语形式, 可先排除; C、D都使原句只有从句无主句; B是名词短语作同位语
　　（3）
　　Plankton 8, ----, is the basic foodstuff 9 for everything that lives in the ocean.
　　(A) comprise both minute marine animals and plants
　　(B) is the name given to minute  marine animals and plants
　　(C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants
　　(D) minute marine animals and plants collectively that
　　考点：同位语
　　答案：C
　　解释：空格前后分别是句子的主谓语，以逗号隔开，空格处需要同位语或定语，A, B是谓语结构，可先排除；D使原句只有从句无主句；C是名词短语，恰好作主语同位语
　　词汇：plankton: 浮游生物, collective name: 总称, minute: 微小的