时间:2019-02-04 作者:英语课 分类:英语笔译


英语课

 一、叠词的形态格式


叠词(reduplication)是汉语的一种特殊词汇现象,使用非常普遍。汉语的名词、数词、量词、形容词、副词、动词以及象声词都有重叠变化,其主要的形态格式有以下十类。
1. AA式 :天天 看看 样样 红红
2. AAB式:毛毛雨 洗洗手 刷刷牙 写写字
3. ABB式:眼巴巴 水汪汪 凉丝丝 亮堂堂
4. AABB式: 高高兴兴 认认真真 三三两两 滴滴答答
5. ABAB式: 一个一个 雪白雪白 飞快飞快 漆黑漆黑
6. A-A式: 看一看 试一试 热一热 猜一猜
7. A了(一)A式: 看了看 试了试 摸了摸 拍了拍(看了一看) (试了一试) (摸了一摸) (拍了一拍)
8. A呀/呵A式: 唱呀唱 游呀游 走呀走 读啊读
9. A着A着式:说着说着 数着数着 跳着跳着 器着器着
10. A里AB式:糊里糊涂 傻里傻气 娇里娇气 罗里罗嗦
此外,还有AABC式(楚楚动人)、BCAA式(风雪茫茫)、ABAC(一举一动)和A都A不式(爬都
爬不)等格式,因使用率不高,未收集归类。
二、叠词的词性变化和词义变化
汉语词汇重叠后,一般无词性变化。但是,动词以AABB格式重叠后,往往的人很多。商商量量地办 事。形容词以ABAB格式重叠后,往往转换成动词。例如:过新年了,大家痛快痛快一番!
汉语词汇重叠后,词义大都发生变化。这种词义变化命名得叠词除了具备信息功能外,还具备表情功能与美感功能,命名语言生动活泼,更富有感染力。叠词词义变化可归纳为三种情况。
1. '增义':即增加语意。名词、数词、量词等重叠后,往往增加'每一'和'很多'的意义。例如:事事、斤斤、一群群,等等。
2. '强义':即加强语意。形容词、副词重叠后,数量词不达意重叠后起副词作用时,动词以A呀/啊A、A着A着、A里AB等格式重叠后,以及动词以AABB格式重叠后起形容词或副词作用时,都使词义程度加重和强调。例如:轻轻(的)、刚刚、一口一口(地)、跑呀跑、跳着跳着、糊里糊涂、跑跑颠颠,等等。
3. '弱义':即减缓语意。动词重叠后和形容词以ABAB格式重叠后起动词作用时,都使词义程度减弱、缓和、委婉,表示的动作往往是一次体或尝试体。例如:试试、看一看、考虑考虑、进屋来暖和暖和,等等。
三、叠词的翻译
虽然英语有重叠元音或辅音而形成的词汇,有类似于重叠的单词连续反复,以及象声词重叠的现象。但是,与汉语的重叠变化来说相去甚远,它们远不足以翻译汉语的叠词。因此,大多数情况下,只能舍弃其形式而译其意义,用比较切近、自然的译文表达出原文的语意和体现重叠后词的词义变化。尽管如此,我们还是可以从中找出一基本的翻译方法。
1. 借助every、all、each等词语,以表达'增义'的语意。例如:
这些战士个个都很漂亮。
Each and every one of these soldiers has proved his mettle 1.
件件衣服都很漂亮。
All of these suits of clothes are beautiful.
绿化祖国,人人有责。
It's everybody's duty to make our motherland green.
不要斤斤计较。
Do not haggle 2 over every ounce.
他们的战术是步步为营、稳所稳打。
Their tactics is to go ahead steadily 3 and entrench 4 themselves at every step,and then strike sure blows.
2. 用'同词连续反复'方法翻译:
英汉中,同一个词用介词(after,,in,to,upon,with等)连续起来使用,用and连接起来连续使用,用连字符(hyphen)连接起来使用,或者用逗号(,)隔开重叠使用。这种方法被称之为同词连续反复,它类似于汉语重叠现象。此方法可表达?quot;增义'或'强义'的语意。例如:
一天一天、一年一年,他们顽强地生活和战斗在荒山野林里。
Day after day and year after year, fought and lived stubbornly in the wild mountains and forests.
洪水慢慢地退了。
Little by little the flood water receded 5.
要么就一点也不相信我,要么就完完全全相信我。
And trust me not at all or all in all.
农民犁田只能一块一块地犁。
Peasants can only plough the land plot by plot.
行行过太行,迢迢赴延安。
细细问故旧,星星数鬓斑。(陈毅:《赴延安留别华中诸同志》)
On and on post Taihang we walk,
By and by to Yanan we make our way.
Again and again with old friends we talk,
One by one we count our hairs grey.(许渊冲译)
3. 用复数形式翻译,表达叠词的'增义'或'强义'语意。例如:
学生们三三两两地坐在教室里。
The students their seats in the classroom by twos and threes.
假日里,青年人双双对对漫步在公园内。
The young people in pairs and couples rambled 6 about the park on holidays.
山林炊烟缕缕上升。
Wisps of smoke rose continuously from the mountain vil-lage chimneys.
一群一群的人蜂拥而进大厅。
Crowds of people swarmed 7 into the hall.
大批大批的物资被立即送往地震灾区。
Thousands of goods and materials are immediately sent to the earthquake-stricken area.
4. 用语义相符的英语表达方式或语法结构表达叠词的'嫌义'或'强义'语意。例如:
他们听着听着不觉哈哈大笑起来。
As they listened they burst into laughter.
数着数着,两只兔子快到对岸了。
As they counted(the turtles)the two found themselves quite near the other side of the river.
我们的事情太多了,做都做不完。
There are too many things for me to attend to.
他思绪滚滚,早已忘却约会一事。
He had been so busy with her own emotion that he had forgotten about the appointment.
他很听话,我们的话句句听。
He was very obedient and always did as we told him.
我们应扎扎实实地把这个问题解决好。
We must work in a down-to-earth way.

n.勇气,精神
  • When the seas are in turmoil,heroes are on their mettle.沧海横流,方显出英雄本色。
  • Each and every one of these soldiers has proved his mettle.这些战士个个都是好样的。
vi.讨价还价,争论不休
  • In many countries you have to haggle before you buy anything.在许多国家里买东西之前都得讨价还价。
  • If you haggle over the price,they might give you discount.你讲讲价,他们可能会把价钱降低。
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
v.使根深蒂固;n.壕沟;防御设施
  • A series of measures were designed to entrench democracy and the rule of law.采取一系列措施旨在巩固民主和法制。
  • These dictators have entrenched themselves politically and are difficult to move.这些独裁者在政治上已经站稳了脚跟,很难推翻他们。
v.逐渐远离( recede的过去式和过去分词 );向后倾斜;自原处后退或避开别人的注视;尤指问题
  • The floodwaters have now receded. 洪水现已消退。
  • The sound of the truck receded into the distance. 卡车的声音渐渐在远处消失了。
(无目的地)漫游( ramble的过去式和过去分词 ); (喻)漫谈; 扯淡; 长篇大论
  • We rambled through the woods. 我们漫步走过树林。
  • She rambled on at great length but she didn't get to the heart of the matter. 她夹七夹八地说了许多话也没说到点子上。
密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 ); 云集; 成群地移动; 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去
  • When the bell rang, the children swarmed out of the school. 铃声一响,孩子们蜂拥而出离开了学校。
  • When the rain started the crowd swarmed back into the hotel. 雨一开始下,人群就蜂拥回了旅社。
标签: 叠词
学英语单词
acate pneumonic tuberculosis
air tanker
Allen key
amynologic
AOEL
AORTF
aperture-field method
Bactris
benzene hexachloride (bhc)
cage structure
camcorders
caraca
carved wooden necklace
ccr(current cell rate)
centerbody
charge turbulent fluctuation
circle shear
circular shelf dryer
closed cycle
coefficient of self oscillation
conjugate locus
conservations of mass
corrosion resisting property
cost utility analysis
cross-adaptation
crumpacker
cryogenic heat pipe
crystalliser
diacetyl-dihydroxydiphenylisatin
dimethyl tartrate
double punch and blank-column detection
dower and courtesy interests
Duhring's diagram
enteric bacillus
epistatic gene
EPO-R
family Lobotidae
Fleet vehicle
fuze firing mechanism
gets along
graduated hopper-charging
gynaeco-
Hall flowmeter
hindshanks
honey glands
Johnny on the spot
lehmannite
listenest
literary critics
make one's escape
marieclaude
mechanization of maintenance
miniatus
molecular absorption band
mounting metallurgical specimens
musculus extensor digitorum longus pedis
network-connected
neutral phosphate
NIH-7519
orates
paddle type agitator
papillary foramen
paris-journal
Phyllomahaleb
pitching change
platform barrier
POPSIPT
Porlezzina
propeller-regulating mechanism
pulpiform
rassling
recovery flap
remerging
resistance-weld mill
rock bolting jumbo
S.S.P.
spheriflex hub
spring gage
stopine
sturrocks
subdetector
superpredicate
switching line
tail throat of a hump yard
teeming stage
tetralogies of fallot
the Met
The sands are running out.
theater air priority number
Themar
tie-in line
tin plate printing
tinamidaes
trachodonts
transfer target
turning block
turpentine wood oil
universal cutter and tool grinder
weather search radar
zahava
Zarp