时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:大学四六级阅读


英语课

   一、内在逻辑关系


  根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
  1、根据对比关系猜测词义
  在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。
  【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious 1 men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble 2 and modest.
  该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们:supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
  表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。
  【例二】A good supervisor 3 can recognize instantly the adept 4 workers from the unskilled ones.
  该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语,但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义――“熟练的”。
  2、根据比较关系猜测词义
  同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。
  【例如】Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious 5.
  该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
  表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
  3、根据因果关系猜测词义
  在句子或段落种,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。
  二、 针对性解释
  针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。
  1、根据定义猜测词义
  如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
  【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man.
  由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
  【例二】In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
  同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。
  定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
  2、根据复述猜测词义
  虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
  1)同位语
  【例一】Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
  此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。
  在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。
  【例二】Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
  由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义――电容量。需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副词或短语出现。
  2)定语从句
  【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal 6 affective disorder 7, a syndrome 8 characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
  根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
  3、根据举例猜测词义
  恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
  【例如】The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical 9 area as they were in the past.
  句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”,这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。

adj.目中无人的,高傲的;adv.高傲地;n.高傲
  • The shop assistant was very supercilious towards me when I asked for some help.我要买东西招呼售货员时,那个售货员对我不屑一顾。
  • His manner is supercilious and arrogant.他非常傲慢自大。
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低
  • In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见,他将在选举中获胜。
  • Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。
n.监督人,管理人,检查员,督学,主管,导师
  • Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit.我们私下说,我认为新来的主管人是一个傻瓜。
  • He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor.他说我太轻浮不能成为一名好的管理员。
adj.老练的,精通的
  • When it comes to photography,I'm not an adept.要说照相,我不是内行。
  • He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.他十分善于避开麻烦。
adj.多嘴的,饶舌的
  • The normally loquacious Mr O'Reilly has said little.平常话多的奥赖利先生几乎没说什么。
  • Kennedy had become almost as loquacious as Joe.肯尼迪变得和乔一样唠叨了。
adj.季节的,季节性的
  • The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
  • The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。
n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
  • When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
  • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
n.综合病症;并存特性
  • The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
  • Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。
adj.地理的;地区(性)的
  • The current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
  • These birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。
标签: 四级阅读
学英语单词
accountancy firm
Acer cappadocicum
aethylhydrocupreinae
alepoles
ammocoetes
augen-gneiss
azotate
Baklahorani
bioprovinces
blimpishes
boykinia occidentaliss
buncey
burner ring
Bödigheim
Cecil Day-Lewis
cirrhitidae
Clitorido
cobaltic nitratopentammine salt
collective ownership by labourers
current file area
dejectures
eikenella corrodens
electrical axis
electronic automatic compensator
entomophage
exosporum
far-ir
field sequential system
fluoxydin
fracture logging
freedom of parading and demonstration
fuse alloy
gamma camera
gate pier
genus syringas
geranylates
good standing
Helmholtz-Kelvin contraction
hemipenthes jezensis
hung around with
interior arrangement
invasivores
job
jonnas
jus fruendi aut frucus
Kuroshio extension
LASL
lateral groove for lateral sinus of parietal bone
lipoblastoma
lowest-cost risk-bearer
magna est veritas,et praevalebit
Mamontovoye
mega-roentgen-equivalentman
miniaturize
miscible solvent
monkey-protection tests
mutty
nba.com
neutral heading stability
nogiphonia
objectives of financial statement
oldfield mouse
oothecoma
opisthoventral shield
outside air-intake duct
overlay writing
pandybat
panspermia
paralyzingly
petroleum genesis
pregames
presthold
qiorbiculus
recent progress
relative inertness
relaying partner
reverse-polarities
rhema
root-locus method
sabertooth
safety logic assembly
Savelli
Sir Peter Brian Medawar
sort with
sub-thread
synthetic catalyst
take turns
tinea tonsurans
trabaldo
triacetate fiber
tumble driers
turning block
uncontunded
unified communications
Union Lake
upbreathing
uromyces fabae(pers.)de bary
vena lienaliss
wan-
yellow trumpetbush
Yushania longissima
Zlebog