托福写作的主题怎样确立
英语课
目前许多考生在主体段写作中主要存在两个问题：一是没话说字数不够，二是花太多没重点。总而言之就是乱出招，想到啥说啥，想不到啥就傻眼。其实，一个100字的主体段并不难写，关键是要找到段落展开的方法。下面我们就一起来看看托福写作主体段有哪些展开方法。
方法一：举例----缩小范围来论证。
如动物→鸟类，现代交通方式→飞机，上面的举例是最简单的形式，即对单个词/短语，或说单个对象举例。我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例，这也是大家都能做好的;但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子，或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况，这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了。
举例的基本原则：
a. 细节性原则----细于被举例者。
b. 一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系，观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现。
举例的具体操作方法：
粗举，细举，引调查，列数字。
(1)粗例----粗犷的例子
"粗例"即一类人、物或事，或一个公认事实的例子，说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后"narrow down"就可以了
观点1： Employers are willing to pay a premium 1 for highly qualified 2 applicants 3.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
"粗例"可以建立"面"对"线"的关系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同时也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用，才能使整个段落更有血肉。
(2)细例----细致的例子
"细例"就是具体到一个人、一个物，或一件事，可以是实际存在的，也可以无中生有。这类例子更加鲜活，更有说服力，通常也能占据更长一些的篇幅，平时有意识地积累并灵活联系，写起这类例子来才会更加得心应手。
a. 实际存在的，一方面，这类例子可以是身边，家人、朋友、自己和身边发生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被报道出来的“名事”了
观点2： Mistakes serve as vivid， sometimes painful deterrents 4 from certain action.
细例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals， the imprint 5 of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking， but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
观点3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
细例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored 6， but her incredible voice and stunning 7 performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外，"细例"的无中生有就是假设论证，常用if，supposing等开头
观点4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating 8 traffic congestion 9.
细例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars， there will be far fewer automobiles 10 on the road， greatly easing the traffic burden.
"细例"可以建立"面"对"点"的关系，读者容易理解，但也要注意不能太松散，应紧扣要证明的观点，明显突出观点中的重点信息，宁缺毋滥;细例子有时自身的字数貌似就已经可以撑起一个段落，但即便如此也一定不能把例子描述完就完了，必要的动作是在最后加上一两句总结或评论。
举例子的方法除了上述的粗例和细例，有的时候还可以引用科学数据或者调查报告的结论。大家也可以在平时的练习中总结一些好的例子以备不时之需。
n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的
- You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
- Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后，清水便因稀而贵了。
adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的
- He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
- We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。
申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 )
- There were over 500 applicants for the job. 有500多人申请这份工作。
- He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job. 求职人员出色的能力给他留下了深刻印象。
制止物( deterrent的名词复数 )
- Whereas attractants, repellents, and many incitants are olfactory substances, stimulants, and deterrents are usually gustatory. 引诱剂，排斥剂还是其他的兴奋剂都是嗅觉物质，但刺激剂和阻抑剂常常是味觉物质。
- A lack of empathy for and knowledge of foreign business practices are deterrents to one's success. 投入不够以及对对外商业惯例知识的不足会对一个人成功造成很大的威胁。
n.印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象；vt.压印，牢记
- That dictionary is published under the Longman imprint.那本词典以朗曼公司的名义出版。
- Her speech left its imprint on me.她的演讲给我留下了深刻印象。
adj.传说的，谣传的v.传闻( rumor的过去式和过去分词 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷
- It is rumored that he cheats on his wife. 据传他对他老婆不忠。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- It was rumored that the white officer had been a Swede. 传说那个白人军官是个瑞典人。 来自辞典例句
adj.极好的；使人晕倒的
- His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity.他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。
- The finished effect was absolutely stunning.完工后的效果非常美。
减轻，缓解，缓和( alleviate的现在分词 )
- If it's alleviating pain,who knows what else it's doing? 如果它减轻了疼痛，天知道还影响什么？
- Measuring poverty is not the same as alleviating it, of course. 当然，衡量贫困和减轻贫困是截然不同的。
n.阻塞，消化不良
- The congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer.夏天城市交通阻塞尤为严重。
- Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.在学校附近泊车会引起严重的交通堵塞。
n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 )
- When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽车普及后，就不再使用马和马车了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 宽阔的林荫道上，汽车川流不息。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
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