TED演讲 第17期:信息 脑对脑沟通已来临(1)

 On June 12, 2014, precisely 1 at 3:33 in a balmy winter afternoon in Sao Paulo, Brazil,  2014年6月12日 下午3:33分那一刻在巴西圣保罗的一个温暖的冬日下午，

a typical South American winter afternoon,  一个寻常的南美冬日午后，
this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here like he had scored a goal,  这个孩子 你们看到正在庆祝的年轻人就像他进了球一样，
Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished 2 a magnificent deed. Juliano Pinto， 29岁的他完成了一个壮举，
Despite being paralyzed， 尽管全身瘫痪，
and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes，  并且从胸中部到脚趾头没有任何知觉，
as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother，  六年前夺去他弟弟生命的车祸，
and produced a complete spinal 3 cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair,  同时导致Juliano脊髓完全损伤 让他坐在了轮椅上，
Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible.  面对挑战 而在这一天，他做了一件几乎在六年内见过他的人认为不可能的事，
Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick Juliano， 平托通过他的想象，
of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here just by thinking.  为2014年这里巴西举行的世界杯进行开球，
He could not move his body,  他无法移动他的身体，
but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball.  但他能够想像踢球所需要的动作。
He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now.  脊髓损伤前他是一名运动员 现在他是一名残疾运动员。
He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years.  我想他将会参加几年后的残奥会。
But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano was his ability to dream.  但是脊髓损伤没有夺去的是Juliano去梦想的能力。
And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.  而在那个下午他梦想成真 在一个75000人的体育场以及电视机前的亿万观众。
And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research studying how the brain,  他的一脚开球，基本上 赞许了30多年来对脑部的基础研究，
how this amazing universe that we have between our ears that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head, 这个在我们两耳之间的神奇宇宙这个唯一能与我们 头顶的宇宙相媲美的东西，
because it has about 100 billion elements talking to each other through electrical brainstorms 4,  因为我们的大脑约有千亿个元素通过脑电风暴相互交流，
what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories and about 15 years to plan.  他所完成的花了30年时间在实验室里想象和大约15年的时间来策划。
When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface 5,  当John Chapin 和我 在15年前在一篇文章上提出我们能够造一个我们称之为 脑机接口的机器，
meaning connecting a brain to devices so that animals and humans could just move these devices,  意思是能够把人脑连接到一个机器上那么人和动物能够通过控制这个设备，
no matter how far they are from their own bodies,  无论他们和自己的身体相距多远，
just by imagining what they want to do,  只要通过你的想象就能让身体做任何事情，
our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help,  我们的同事告诉我们 我们需要专业帮助，
of the psychiatry 6 variety.  心理上的那种。
And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,  尽管如此 一个苏格兰人和巴西人坚持了下来，
because that's how we were raised in our respective countries,  因为我们就是这样在 各自国家成长起来的，
and for 12, 15 years,  而在12至15年间，
we made demonstration 7 after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.  我们做了一次又一次展示 证明这是可行的。
And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science,  而且脑机接口设备并非高深莫测，
it's just brain research.  这只是脑部研究。
It's nothing but using sensors 8 to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing, 只是运用传感器来接收大脑发出的脑电风暴，
to generate the motor commands that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord,  去运行要下载到脊髓的运动指令，
so we projected sensors that can read hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously,  我们预测感应器能够同时接收成百上千的脑细胞，
and extract from these electrical signals the motor planning that the brain is generating to actually make us move into space.  并且从这些信号中得到大脑来运作的运动策划去让我们在空间中移动。
And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand  这么做我们转化了这些信号成为数字口令能够让任何一种机械， 电子甚至虚拟设备接收,
so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move,  因此能让物体想象他， 她或它想做的动作，
and the device obeys that brain command.  而那个设备遵循大脑的命令。
By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors,  通过把这些设备和许多感应器匹配，
as you are going to see in a moment,  正如你将会看到的，
we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm that that voluntary motor will was being enacted 9, no matter where， 我们能发信息回大脑去确认潜意识运动系统将会被设定 无论感应器在哪，
next to the subject, next door, or across the planet.  在物体旁边，在对面房间 或者是在另外一个星球。
And as this message gave feedback back to the brain,  当这个信息给予反馈给大脑是，
the brain realized its goal: to make us move.  大脑接收它的目的：让我们移动。