走进牛津大学 第14期:牛津大学的导师制

 　　In the University of Oxford 1, teaching is conducted primarily through the tutorial system.

　　在牛津大学，教学主要是通过导师制来实施的。
　　It is one of the most unique and renowned 2 methods of teaching across the world.
　　导师制是世界上最独特、最著名的教学方法之一。
　　The weekly tutorial consists of a one-hour meeting between the tutor and small numbers of students (usually two to four).
　　每周一次的辅导课其实就是导师和几个学生（通常是2 - 4 个）一小时的会面。
　　During this time, an essay prepared specifically for that tutorial is read by students and commented upon by the tutor.
　　期间，学生要宣读专门为辅导课撰写的论文，并由导师进行评论。
　　At the end of the tutorial, the tutor will assign the topic of study for the forthcoming week and suggest readings.
　　辅导课结束的时候，导师会布置下周的研究课题，并推荐读物。
　　Tutorials can be considered the backbone 3 of undergraduate teaching at Oxford.
　　辅导课被认为是牛津大学本科生教学的支柱。
　　Meanwhile, they are also complemented 4 by departmental lectures which are conducted on a university wide basis, lab work, and seminars often with groups of perhaps 10 students.
　　同时，牛津的教学还有全校各个学部的课程、 实验项目和由大约10个学生组成的研讨会作为补充。
　　Tutorials have gained their reputation because of the close relationship they maintain between the tutor and the student.
　　辅导课之所以能够得到大家的青睐，是因为它们使得导师和学生之间维持了一种亲密的关系。
　　The tutorial system provides undergraduates with direct and in most cases weekly contact with tutors in their academic fields.
　　导师制为本科生提供了条件，使他们和自己学术领域内的导师能够直接接触，大部分情况下是一周见一次。
　　In the mean time, tutorials are also beneficial for developing students' skills of critical analysis.
　　同时，辅导课还有利于发展学生们的批判分析技能。
　　Before the weekly tutorial, students are required to prepare an essay or other works, which they read or present to the tutor.
　　在每周的辅导课前，学生们都要求准备一篇论文或其他作业，用来在课上宣读或者交给导师。
　　During each tutorial, students are expected to communicate, debate, analyze 5, and critique the ideas of others as well as their own in conversations with the professor and fellow-students.
　　在每次辅导课上，学生们都要与导师和同学通过谈话交流、辩论、分析并评论自己和别人的观点。
　　The tutorial system has great value that it creates learning and assessment 6 opportunities which are highly authentic 7 and difficult to fake,
　　导师制有着巨大的价值，它为学习和评估创造了机会，使其颇具真实性，
　　as the student's work is discussed on the spot.
　　因为学生的作业都是当场讨论的。
　　The greatest advantage of the tutorial system is the individual attention that students receive.
　　导师制最大的优点是学生能够得到个别指导。
　　The contrast between tutorials and large lectures common in the American universities is obvious.
　　辅导课和美国大学里普通的大课形成了鲜明的对比。
　　In the typical American university, students are taught by the same specialists, in the same manner, and held to the same standards.
　　在典型的美国大学，学生由同样的专家用同样的方式以及同样的标准来教授知识。
　　However, during tutorials, students have the opportunity to explore their own ideas directly with experts in particular subjects.
　　但是，在牛津的辅导课上，学生有机会与特定学科的专家直接探讨自己的观点和看法。
　　Sometimes, the student may leave a tutorial with only a reading list and the title of the next essay.
　　有时，学生会只拿着阅读清单跟下一篇论文的题目离开辅导课。
　　As a result, students must engage in extensive independent reading and research, using the resources available, under the guidance of the tutor.
　　因此，学生们必须在导师的指引下利用可用的资源进行大量的独立阅读和研究。