高级英语听力 lesson 16

      lesson  Sixteen

  Section One: News in Brief

  Tapescript

  1. President Reagan announced today, that he       and Soviet 1 leader

  Gorbachev will meet in Iceland October I 1 th and 12th to prepare for

  a summit between the two leaders in the United States later this year.

  The announcement came after the release yesterday from Moscow of

  American reporter Nicholas Daniloff and a court appearance in

  New York this morning by accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov,

  who pleaded no contesti6espionage charges and was. told to leave

  the United States within twenty-four hours.  Zakharov is now on his

  way back to the Soviet Union and Daniloff has arrived back in the

  United States.  The movement of Daniloff and Zakharov and plans

  for the meeting in Iceland were also announced today in Moscow.

  The BBC's Peter Ruff reports.  'The announcement makes it clear

  that this was at Mr. Gorba hev'@nm   iation, and it's,also pointed 4 out

                             c        v

  that this is simply a preparator    eeting to a possible summit. It's

  pointed out here that it will enable the Soviet Union to focus on

  arms issues, particularly the Strategic Defense 5 Initiative, or Star

  Wars program, President Reagan's refusal to join a test

  and a possible arms deal involving medium-rangi

  Europe.  In a separate announcement, the official news agency Tas

  revealed that Gennadi Zakharov had, as they put it, been released

  from custody 6 and was returning home.  It made no mention of the

  fact that I ie'd pleaded no contest in a court in New York.  Then came

  ,the first official confirmation 7 from the Soviet Union that the

  Americar reporter Nicholas Daniloff had been expelled, The news

  item did aot refer to him as a spy but as someone who'd been en-

  gaged in inadmissible activity." BBC correspondent Peter Ruff in

Moscow.

 2. There was                   the Soviet press today that prominent

 Soviet disside               and his wif@ will be allowed to leave for

 the U             s by October 7th. Secretary of State Shultz made

 that announcement in Washington saying Orlov was the driving

 force behind the Helsinki Monitoring Group of Civil Rights

 Activists.  In 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years in a prison

 camp to be followed by five more years in internal exile.  Shultz said

 Orlov's release was in exchange for that of Zakharov and had noth-

 ing to do with Daniloff's freedom.

  Section Two: News in Detail

  Tapescript

      In just eleven days President Reagan and Soviet leader

  Gorbachev will meet in Iceland for what is described by the two sides

  as an idt@rim summit or a preparatory summit.  The announcement

  was made at the White House this morning at a news conference

  held by President Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz cal-

  led to discuss the Iceland meeting and the negotiations 9 which had led

  up to the release of Nicholas Daniloff yesterday.  Negotiations for

  the release of Daniloff went on for over a month.  Today, at the same

  time that the White House news conference was going on, Soviet

  Foreign Minister Shevardnadze met with the press in New York.

  NPR's Jim Angle was at the White House, and Mike Shuster was

  with the Soviet Foreign Minister.

       'Jim, since Daniloff was only released yesterday, and the details

  of the negotiations leading up to his release were not known yester-

  day, didn't this arm uncement of a summit announced before any

  discussion of the D-.tniloff affair come as a surprise?'

       "What was a surprise is that we did not know it was co

  is not a surprise if you look at the overall context of preparations for

  a summit and the discussions so far.  Of course, the US had said it

  would not attend a summit until the Daniloff case wag resolved, and

  the President said today that he could not have accepted this

  pre-summit preparatory meeting if Daniloff were still being held.

  Today the matter was resolved.  At least we heard that the other de-

  tails of the matter's   resolution, including the fact that Gennadi

  Zakharov, the accused Soviet spy, was allowed to plead no conte       'st in

  a New York court and allowed to leave the Urited States.  The reso-

  lution of that matter cleared the way for summit preparations.  The

  meeting, of course, this pre-summit meeting, was proposed by Secre-

  tary Gorbachev, in a letter delivered to President Reagan by Soviet

  Foreign Minister Shevardnadze on September ]9th.  The

  announcement of this meeting todav at the same time as the resolu-

  tion of Zakharov's status is a way of both sides saying that they con-

  sider the Daniloff matter resolved with the exception of one or two

  details and that no obstacles now exist in the preparations for sum-

  mit later this year in the US.'

       'At the news conference this morning both President Reagan

  and Secretary of State Shultz stress that there had been no trade for

  Nicholas Daniloff.  Jim, was this a trade?'

       " Well, clearly, Daniloff's release, Zakharov's quick trial and

  departure, and the release of the Soviet dissident were all part of one

  -package.  But to the extent that definitions are important, especially

  in the diplomatic world and in terms of principles and precedents 10,

  the US has insisted that there was no trade involved here.  They say

  Daniloff was released without a trial, an     M iC'     acknowledgement,

  if you will, by the Soviet, that he is not a spy. Kakharov, on the other

  hand, in pleading no contest to espionage 3 ch4rges, allows, in a sense,

  the US assertion that he was a s      to stand. resident Reagan soujzht

              today in his rema      t W te H se that these were

             Uers.  " There is no connection between these two

re eases.     I don't know just what you have said so far about this.

But there were other arrangement-. with regard to Zakharov that re-

sulted in his being freed." Margo, the President's referring there to

what the US sees as the only trade involved in this whole package,

and that is the Soviet agreement to allow Soviet human rights

activist 8 Yuri Orlov and his wife to leave the Soviet Union by October

7th."

  Section Three: Special Report

  Tapegcript;

       Today in the Supreme 11 Court of the United States, a case in-

  volving maternity 12 leave: at issue wh6ther,. states may require

  employers to guarantee that pregnant workers are able to return to

  their jobs after a limited period of unpaid 13 disability leave.  NPR's

  Nina Totenberg reports.

       Nine states already have laws or regulations that require all

  employers to protect the jobs of workers who are disabled by preg-

  nancy or childbirth.  Depending on what the- Supreme Court rules in

  the case it heard today, those laws will either die or flourish.  The test

  case is from California.  It began with Lillian Garland, the

  receptionist at California Federal Savings 14 and Loan.  In 1982, she re-

  turned to work after having a child and found she had no job-,-

       "After working for California Federal for over three and a @i

  years, I was told at that time they no longer had apposition available

  for me.  My question was, 'Well, what about the job that I've had fori

  so many years?' And they said,- 'We hired the person that youi

  trained in your place.' I was in shock."

       Officials at California Federal say Garland should not have

  been surprised, that she'd been told at the time she took pregnancy 15

  leave that her job was not guaranteed.  But the fact is that California

  law requires all employers in the state to provide up to four months'

  disability leave for pregnant workers.  The leave time is unpaid, and

  it is only available to women who, because of pregnancy or child--

  birth, are physically 16 unable to work.  The law does require that such

  workers get back the same job unless business necessity makes that

  impossible.  So when Lillian Garland was told she couldn't have her

  old job back, she filed discrimination charges against the bank.  The

  bank then challenged the California pregnancy disability law in

  court, claiming that the state law amounted to illegal sex discrimina-

  tion.  The bank's reasoning went like this: Federal law bans discrimi-

  nation in employment. based on pregnancy, but the state law man-

  dates disability leave to women for pregnancy while denying the

  same leave time to men who are disabled by other ailments 17, such as

  heart attacks and strokes.  California counters that the state law does

  not discriminate 18 between men and women, that it treats them both

  the same as to,all, ailments, bui-gra@ts@disability leave only to preg-

  nant workers.  Moreover, California argues that the state law in fact

  equalizes the situation between men and women, allowing them bbth

                                    h      bt he pregnancy disability

  to have children without          t_FV j     IT)- C/'-

  case has produced so@triaViZe @Ae             s  'Me Reagan Admini-

  stration is siding with the California business community in arguing

  that federal law requires no special treatment for pregnancy.  Many

  of the major national women's organizations agree, but argue that

  the way to cure the problem is to give everybody unpaid disability

  leave in case of illness.  Other women's organizations, particularly in

  California, argue that singling out pregnancy for special treatment is

  not sex discrimination.  Feminist 19 Betty Friedan defends the

  California law.

      'It's not discrimination against men to do something about the

  fact that women give birth to children.  It's a fact of life.  If men could

  carry the baby, if men could go through the nine months, if men

  could have the labor 20 pain, you know, they also should have coverage 21

  for pregnancy.  You're not discriihinating against men; you're recog-

  nizing a fact of life: that women are different than men.'

      On the other side, the lawyer for the bank, Ted 2 Olson, argues

  that special treatment for pregnancy is ob iously discrimination, an

  that California companies risk bein             by one group of people

                                          g sue

  ti'iey follow fe,,iei-al law and by another group of people if they follo

  state law.

       "The Ctlifornia law requires special treatment of pregnancy; th

  federal law requires equal treatment of pregnancy.  An employer-

  entitled to know which law it must follow.'

       The fact is, though, that much of the California business co

  )i,tinity objects, most of all, to being told that it has to provide an

  Disability leave.  Here is Don Butler, President of the Merchants an

  Manufacturers Association, which is a party to this law suit.

       "What we have to get back to, though; is who's going to set th

  disability leave policies.  Is the federal government, is the state o

  California, or are we, the employers, going to set?  You, th

  employee, have the choice of working for our company under the fol

  lowing conditions or working for another company under othe

  conditions.  And I believe that that was what built@this country to b

  a great free enterprise system.  And if we're going to legislate 22 it, the

  we're going to destroy a lot of the incentives 23 to ...'

      'But basically you don't want to be told to have a disability pol

  icy at all."

      'Right.'

      In the Supreme Court this morning, perhap!                          ues-

  tion was asked by Justice Louis Powell, who po@

  situation to California Deputy Attorney General Marion Johnston.

  "Let us assume,' said Justice Powell, "that a man and a woman in

  the same company leave their jobs on the same day: he, because he is

  ill; she, because she's about to have a child.  And they return on the

  'same day, but under the California law she gets herjob back and he

  does not.  Is that fair?" asks Justice Powell.  Lawyer Johnston re-

  sponded, "It may not be fair, but it's legal.  California law,' she said,

  simply requires that employers treat all their employees, men and

women, in the same way with respect to pregnancy.  But, since men

                                          e off." A'decision in the

 don't get pregnant, they don't get the ti mted until next year.  I'm Nina Totenberg

 California case is not expec in Washington- ,