赖世雄高级美国英语 lesson 27

　　Hello, everybody. Welcome again to Radio English on Sunday.

This is Bruce,/ and this is Peter,/ Oh, look at this, Peter, two two two,/ Two two two? What is over there? Oh, yeah, that's the number of this page, two two two, a triple two.

/ Triple two, not triple "w", but triple "2". Two two two. Triple means three of anything. And these days we often hear "triple w" because of the Internet. But in our textbook, triple two introduces unit twenty seven to you, and today's title is, "the global proliferation of English."/ That's a good word over here, but it needs some sort of explanation.

/ Yes, it does. To proliferate 1 means to (modify?) and spread out. So, one things becomes many things and then these many things spead out over to other places, over a very large area.

/ but in a rather ..in a lot of novels..then we can say he is uhh..what kind of uhh..writer?

/ prolific 2 writer, something which is prolific produces a lot of things. We often say that some kinds of animals are very prolific, because they, for mammals, for example, they will have ten or twelve or fifteen small ones each time they have (proliferate), instead of one two, or three, like many other mammals.

/ Well, back to my home, I..keep producing a lot of garbage, so...

/ ,/ then I'll be called a prolific (drawer) or something..

/ Prolific garbage producer? Doesn't sound very good...but it's true.

/ Yeah.

/ Now in fact today we're not talking about the proliferation of garbage but of a language, the global language of English. Let's find out how English proliferated 3 around the world.

Please join us on page two two two if you just joined our program.

________proliferate, v,To grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissue, parts, cells, or offspring.

增生，增殖通过迅速产生新的组织、器官、细胞或产生物而生长或增多To increase or spread at a rapid rate:

激增高速增长或扩散：

fears that nuclear weapons might proliferate.

对核武器扩散的恐慌proliferatev.tr.

To cause to grow or increase rapidly.

使激增使迅速增长或增加vt.

使大量产生; 使扩散proliferate nuclear weapons扩散核武器Everyone knows that there're more speakers of Mandarin 4 than any other language in the world. Just over one billion people speak Mandarin as their native tongue. Compared to the nearly four hundred million native speakers of English there would appear to be no contest. Yet, it is just as well known that English, not Mandarin, is the international langauge. Given these statistics, how can this be? Looking more closely at these and other facts reveals how English has become the world's most wide-spead language. The history of writen Chinese goes back at least four thousand years, that of English little more than one thousand years. The language called English is actually a hybrid 5 of Saninavisn and german tongues created by immigrants to England in the fifth century A.D. Over the next five hundred years, English developped into several major dialects spoken principally on most of the island of England. With continuous invasions by more Scandinavians and the French over the next few centuries, the English language received a fresh stimulus 6 of foreign words, including Latin and Greek, the preferred classical languages in educational and political circles at that time in Europe. English as a principal language of literature did not evolve until the fourteen century. (Chaucer?,) By the sixteen century, English was in full bloom both in literature as well as in science.

As you can see, this long paragraph is about the history or the English langage. It's not a very long history. After all, Chinese has at leave four thousand years of writen history, English only a little more than one thousand. In fact, English did not start on England as many people think, but on the continent of Europe, in Germany and Sandinavia; but it developed in England, after some northern European peoples immigrated 7 into England. There, it developed slowly, after French and Sandinavians' invasions it developed more quickly, so that by the fourteen century, it was already beginning a literature, and in the next two hundred years a very great literature indeed.

/ ..compared to nearly four hundred million native speakers of English, 也可以说成 ..compared with...

doesn't make any difference at all.

to compare A to B,to compare A with B,It's very hard to compare John with Peter, they are equally good as singing.

It's very hard to compare A to B. Either way.

/ Right.

/ But, in one situation, you've got to use only this structure to compare A to B instead of to compare A with B. For example,He is so nice to us, that we compare him to our father. 这种情况下只能用to. He's more like our father.

放在句首的时候，compared to ..compared with...都可以，Compared to Peter, I am nothing when it comes to singing.

Compared with Peter, I am nothing when it comes to singing.

这样的情况也可以说 in comparison with, 这就习惯上只能说 in comparison + with, 而不说 to,statistics, 这个字很有意思。后面可以跟单数动词和复数动词，都对。但有一种情况只能用单数， is,/ ..well well, good idea. If we are talking about the 统计学，then we use the singular.

Statistics is difficult but important. 这时就不能说are,But here we are using "statistics" to mean "facts", and then we would use plural 8 verb.

Those statistics are doubtful.

/ Mm, they probably are inaccurate 9.

/ .."ate" 在后面的字，如果当adj, n, 来用的时候， 念[ i ], 只有当动词的时候，才念成 [ ei ].

For example,I'll graduate [ei] next year, then I'll be a graduate, [i], and then I'll go to graduate [i] school.

/ Mmm, 研究所。

Another example, "appropriate", 动词表示“拨款”，念[ei],The government has decided 10 to appropriate a certain amount of money to save Bruce. from being...from being what,/ uhh...kidnapped,/ Ohh, something like that..

当作形容词用的时候， 念[i], 适当的，/ ..hehe, yeah. That was not a very appropriate example for our kids.

/ Ok, is there anything you want to go over in the second paragraph?

Alright. Let's go over to the next page.

9:25________appropriate, 这个字的动词用法好象经常不被注意，但它非常实用。

To set apart for a specific use:

拨出拨出作特殊用途：

appropriating funds for education.

拨款作教育基金To take possession of or make use of exclusively for oneself, often without permission:

挪用，窃用为自己独自占有或使用，常未经许可：

Lee appropriated my unread newspaper and never returned it.

李擅自拿走我尚未阅读的报纸并从不归还拨出(款项)占用, 据为己有; 盗用, 挪用充当, 充用Five thousand dollars has been appropriated for the new school buildings.

已拨款五千元为建设新校舍之用。

He appropriated public funds for his own private use.

他挪用公款。

All this money was appropriated for the support of his widow.

所有这些钱作为给他的遗孀的抚养费。

拨给，拨出The government appropriated a large sum of money for building schools.

政府拨出一大笔钱修建学校。

挪用；盗用to appropriate public funds挪用公款The minister was found to have appropriated government money.

部长被发现曾盗用公款。

England, referred to as Great Britain by this time, was amassing 11 political economic and military power at breathtaking speed. The industrial revolution of the next century required foreign resources, imperialism 12, gave the go-ahead for Britain, and other European powers to not only take what they wanted from foreign lands, but to lay conquest to those lands as well. Additionally, the rapid social changes engendered 13 by the change from agriculture to manufacturing meant a surplus or farm workers, resulting in a waiting army of the dispossessed to emigrate to Britain's newfound colonies. In the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, millions of Englishmen left their mother country for North America. In the eighteenth century, hundreds of thousands more set sail for Australia and New Zealand, as well as South Asia, the British Raj, and Africa, primarily South Africa. At the height of the British Empire, one-fourth of world's people and lands were living under the Union Jack 14. Thus, by the close of the nineteenth century, English rule had extended to the six principal continents, including British the Ana in South America.

_______engender, v,To bring into existence; give rise to:

产生；引起：

vt.

使发生, 使产生; 引起, 造成Sympathy often engenders 15 love.

同情常常产生爱情。

vt产生；酿成Dirty engenders disease.

脏东西引起疾病。

Now in this paragraph, we are not looking so much at the history of how English developed into a language, but rather the political, and military and economic development of England country or Great Britain, today we refer to it as the UK. Because of historical forces, especially the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, England was the first society to change from a completely agricultural society into an industrial society. This is what is happening now in mainland China, although there are still more farmers than city dwellers 16 in China, more and more poeple are moving into cities and taking up industrial or service sector 17 jobs. This usually results in a surplus of labour. In the eighteenth century, England was able to export all of this surplus labour to different lands around the world. And this helps to explain the great spread or as we told you, proliferation, of English throughout the world.

/ Because that country became increasingly (epriential) with expansion of its national (string.)/ Yes, throughout the world.

/ Of coruse. 上面的labour这个字是劳动力的意思。但laborer 19, 指的是劳动者，人。

/ Good point. Some of my students would say, my father is a labor 18, 可是这里要加er, my father is a laborer.

/ labor force,it can be also used as a verb,I am laboring 20 for Bruce all day, ---> toil,/ Well, the same as "to work very very hard, " We think of people who work on construction sites, or out on the farms as "toiling 21 from dawn to dusk".

/ Ok, a couple of things I'd like to point out here myself: British Raj, this word is not an Englsih word; this is a South Asian word, probably India, which means "rule", and in India where Britain was ruling for about a hundred fifty years, it's considered, it's called the British Raj, taking the Indian word rather than the English word "rule". Just for your information.

Union Jack, this is a 口语 for the flag of the United Kingdom, this is an old term but we still find it. So when you see the "Union Jack", it means the flag of England or the UK.

/ 就好象是说美国的星条旗叫 stars and stripes　一样。

/ Good example. "the stars and stripes" refers to the flag of the USA.

Ok, let's continue now.

1446This first-ever domination of the globe by one language is the primary reason for the international use of English today. A second reason lies in the rise of the USA as a leading world power, just as Britain's power began to fade. At the close of the nineteen century, the US fought with Spain in eighteen ninety eight, after the US victory, Spain ceded 23 the Philippines, Guan, and Presitaeako (地名）resulting in the further introduction of English into Asia and Caribbean. After US' involvement in both world wars, despite Britain's continued decline, English became more commonly used around the world, especially in continent Europe and Japan. Since nineteen fifty, the rapidly growing US economy, as well as its academic and scientific excellence 24, has insured that English remains 25 the language of commerce and intellectual intercourse 26, the world of entertainment, most notably 27 Hollywood, has also contributed it to the popularization of English.

/ You can say that again.

/ Yeah, everywhere you go...let..before I go over this paragraph, you remind me of something. When I travel from country to country and I have lived overseas for more than twenty years, people sometimes say, well, don't you miss your home, country? And I think to myself, how can you miss the United States? Everywhere you go, in the newspapers, the radio, the movies..it's everywhere, so, what do I miss? I miss my family and friends, but I can't miss my country; it's everywhere.

/ Mmm.

/ Ok, so basically I said that in this century, it's still the twentieth century ..to me, the US has overtaken England as the primary power through the world, they are both English-speaking countries, and beause of the US is great economic and intellectual influence, more and more of the world is receptive to English; they want to learn English, to develop their own arts and sciences and political power.

/ ..a second reason lies in the rise of the United States of America, as a leading world power. ..

leading, adj,领导的，he plays a leading role in something, 但有时候我们看到不用leading, 而用lead,He was the lead singer in the band, 为什么不用leading singer呢？

/ Ok. I think that we say the "lead singer", it is the most important one, but when we say "play a leading role", it is one of several.

/ 他是。。的主唱，一定要说the lead singer, 而不是a lead singer,lead, 作名词用还是“铅”的意思，念 [led].

/ Right.

________cede,To surrender possession of, especially by treaty.

割让割让，尤指通过条约的割让See: relinquishTo yield; grant:

屈服；让与：

The debater refused to cede 22 the point to her opponent.

辩论者拒绝向她的对手放弃其主张[si:d]

vt.

让与, 让步; 割让, 放弃(权利、领土等)过户, 转让The Qing government ceded China's Hong Kong to Britain.

清政府把中国的香港割让给英国。

He ceded his stock holdings to his children.

他将股票让给了他的子女。

______treaty, 条约Ok, let's finish up. 1824It is estimated that at least three hundred million people around the world are now studying or using English as a second language, for purposes of education, employment, or personal interest. Some seventy-five percent of all international communications are in English, and with the rise of the Internet, it is doubtful that this figure will decrease any time soon. At the dawn of the new millennium 28, the world has one international language---English.

This paragraph tells us that even if we add the four hundred million native users of English, with the three hundred million second language users of English, we still don't have as many speakers as Mandarin has, and it may never catch up in numbers, but in influence, because of the reasons of history, from England in the eighteen century, through the USA in twentieth and possibly also the twenty first century, English has become a stablished as the language of choice around the world, in education, in sports, in employment, science, the arts and so on. So it seems that English is going to continue to be a very influential 29 language, simply becuase it was their first, and it's easier, it's an easier language to learn to read and therefore write, than is the language of Chinese.

/ Also there's a tendency that Chinese is beginning to influence English to some extent, at least such expressions as "long time no see."/ :P that's my favorite.

/ It's firstly the pidgin English, now it has become some sort of..

/ Standard English.

/ Yeah. Standard English.

过奖，哪里哪里，不要说 where where, 应该说 well, thank you very much, it's very nice of you to say so, 也不要说 I am over praised, 没有这样的说法，应该说 I am flattered,/ Neither shoud you say, no thinks.

/ It is estimated that...

It is estimated that five hundred students have passed the test.

(An estimated) that five hundred students have passed the test,Some seventy-five percent..这个some是副词，相当于about, approximately, you still owe me some two hundred dollars. 这个some就是大约，的意思。

______________Pan. 2003. 8.

Unit 27 The Global Proliferation of English 英语的疆域扩张Everyone knows that there are more speakers of Mandarin than any other language in teh world. Just over one billion people speak Mandarin as their native tongue. Compared to the naerly four hundred million native speakers of English, there would appear to be "no contest". Yet, it is just as well-known that English, not Mandarin, is the international language. Given these statistics, how can this be? Looking more closely at these and other facts reveals how English has become the world's most widespread language.

The history of written Chinese goes back at least 4000 years, that of English little more than 1000 years. The language called English is actually a hybrid of Scaninavian and German tongues created by immigrants to England in the 5th century. A.D. Over the next 500 years, English developed into several major dialects spoken principally on most of the island of England. With continuous invasions by more Scandinavians and the French over the next few centuries, the English language received a fresh stimulus of foreign words, including Latin and Greek, the preferred classical alanguages in educational and political circles at that time in Europe. English as a principal language of literature did not evolve until the 14th century (Chaucer). By the 16th century, English was in full bloom, both in literature as well as in science.

England, referred to as Great Britain by this time, was amassing political, economic, and military power at breath-taking speed. The Industrial Revolution of the next century required foreign resources; imperialism gave the go-ahead for Britain and other European powers to not only take what they wanted from foreign lands but to lay conquest to those lands as well. Additionally, the rapid social changes engengered by the change from agriculture to manufacturing meant a surplus of farm workers, resulting in a waiting army of the dispossessed to emigrate to Britain's newfound colonies. In the 17th and 18th centuries, millions of Englishmen left their mother country for North America. In the 18th century, hundreds of thousands more set sail for Australia and New Zealand, as well as South Aisa (the British Raj) and Africa (primarily South Africa). At the height of the British Empire, one-fourth of the world's people and lands were living under the Union Jack. Thus, by the close of the 19th century Englsih rule had extended to the six principal continents (including British Guyana in South America).

This first-ever domination of the blobe by one language is the primary reason for the international use of English today. A second reason lies in the rise of the United States of America as a leading world power just as Britain's power began to fade. At the close of the 19th century, the US fought with Spain (in 1898). After the US victory, Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, resulting in the further introduction of English into Asia and the Caribbean. After US involvement in both World Wars, despite Britain's continued decline, English became more commonly used around the world, especially in continental 30 Europe and Japan. Since 1950, the rapidly growing US economy as well as its academic and scientific excellence has insured that English remains the language of commerce and intellectual intercouse. The world of entertainment, most notably Hollywood, has also contributed to the popularization of English.

It is estimated that at least 300 million people around the world are now studying or using English as a second language, for purposes of education, employment, or personal interest. Some 75% of all international communications are in English, and with the rise of the Internet, it is doubtful that this figure will decrease any time soon. At the dawn of the new millennium, the world has one international language, English.

************be in full bloom,Tulips are in full bloom in April in the Netherlands.

evolve,v, 发展，进化Darwin stated that man evolved from ape-like ancestors.

go-ahead, n, 允许，同意，必须与the 连用。

As soon as we get the go-ahead from the manager, we'll start the new project.

conquest, n, 征服n.

The act or process of conquering.

征服征服的行为或过程See: victorySomething, such as territory, acquired by conquering.

征服地通过征服而获得的东西，例如领土One that has been captivated or overcome:

俘虏被逮捕或被打败的人：

The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played.

这位钢琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位听众The conquest of Mt. Everest finally occured in 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary.

征服； 获得（物）， 赢得（物）； 征服地； 战利品__感情的俘虏； 恩宠的赢得for the conquest of为要征服...

make a conquest of征服； 赢得...感情the C-【英史】1066 年威廉对英国的征服Her beauty won her many conquests.

她的美貌赢得许多崇拜者。

攻占；占领；征服This land is ours by right of conquest.

这块土地是我们攻占得来的。

征服地；战利品---capture.

David is one of Joan's conquests; he's fallen in love with her already.(喻)"大卫是琼的一名俘虏,他已经坠入她的情网。"