GRE考试作文备考资料（1）
英语课
内在驱动和外在刺激
Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates 1 behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive 2. These are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli 3 to encourage the behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.
By contrast, the role of extrinsic 4 rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.
内在动机与内在驱动学生的三大特征
Intrinsic motivation is the drive for which people engage in an activity, without obvious external incentives 5, such as a hobby. Intrinsic motivation has been studied by educational psychologists since the 1970s, and numerous studies have found it to be associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment 6 by students.
It is thought that students are more likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:
1. Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in).
2. Believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined 7 by dumb luck).
3. Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.
情感对行为的影响
Human emotion has a significant influence on, or can even be said to control, human behavior, though historically many cultures and philosophers have for various reasons discouraged allowing this influence to go unchecked.
In modern scientific thought, certain refined emotions are considered to be a complex neural 8 trait of many domesticated 9 and a few non-domesticated mammals. These were commonly developed in reaction to superior survival mechanisms 10 and intelligent interaction with each other and the
environment; as such, refined emotion is not in all cases as discrete 11 and separate from natural neural function as was once assumed. Still, when humans function in civilized 12 tandem 13, it has been noted 14 that uninhibited acting 15 on extreme emotion can lead to social disorder 16 and crime.
使活动，起动，触发( activate的第三人称单数 )
- Activates the window and displays it in its current size and position. 激活窗口，保持当前的大小及位置不变。
- Pulling out the alarm switch activates alarm and pushing it deactivates it. 闹钟的开和关是通过拔出和按入闹铃开关实现的。
n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机
- Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中，钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
- He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。
n.刺激（物）
- It is necessary to curtail or alter normally coexisting stimuli.必需消除或改变正常时并存的刺激。
- My sweat glands also respond to emotional stimuli.我的汗腺对情绪刺激也能产生反应。
adj.外部的；不紧要的
- Nowadays there are more extrinsic pressures to get married.现在来自外部的结婚压力多了。
- The question is extrinsic to our discussion.这个问题和我们的讨论无关。
激励某人做某事的事物( incentive的名词复数 )； 刺激； 诱因； 动机
- tax incentives to encourage savings 鼓励储蓄的税收措施
- Furthermore, subsidies provide incentives only for investments in equipment. 更有甚者，提供津贴仅是为鼓励增添设备的投资。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
n.乐趣；享有；享用
- Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit. 有您的陪同，我们这次访问更加愉快了。
- After each joke the old man cackled his enjoyment.每逢讲完一个笑话，这老人就呵呵笑着表示他的高兴。
adj.坚定的；有决心的
- I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
- He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
adj.神经的，神经系统的
- The neural network can preferably solve the non- linear problem.利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
- The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters.信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。
adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 )
- He is thoroughly domesticated and cooks a delicious chicken casserole. 他精于家务，烹制的砂锅炖小鸡非常可口。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The donkey is a domesticated form of the African wild ass. 驴是非洲野驴的一种已驯化的品种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用
- The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.个别的，分离的，不连续的
- The picture consists of a lot of discrete spots of colour.这幅画由许多不相连的色点组成。
- Most staple fibers are discrete,individual entities.大多数短纤维是不联系的单独实体。
a.有教养的，文雅的
- Racism is abhorrent to a civilized society. 文明社会憎恶种族主义。
- rising crime in our so-called civilized societies 在我们所谓文明社会中日益增多的犯罪行为
n.同时发生；配合；adv.一个跟着一个地；纵排地；adj.（两匹马）前后纵列的
- Malcolm's contract will run in tandem with his existing one.马尔科姆的合同将与他手头的合同同时生效。
- He is working in tandem with officials of the Serious Fraud Office.他正配合欺诈重案办公室的官员工作。
adj.著名的，知名的
- The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
- Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的
- Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
- During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。
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