英译汉中常见的重要短语及典型句型
英语课
1.(1) ... not so much...... as (but) ... 与其说……还不如说……
(2) ... not so much that.....as (but) that...... 与其说……还不如说……
(3) ... not so much as..... (=not even) 甚至于不……,连……也不……
(4) ... might as well ... as..... 与其说……还不如说……
例1:He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.
译文:与其说他是老师,还不如说是学者。(注意翻译时动作的对象)
例2:It wasn't so much his appearance I liked as his personality.
译文:与其说我喜欢他的外表,不如说我喜欢他的品格。
例3:It's not so much that I don't want to come but I just haven't got the time.
译文:倒不是因为我不想来,而是我根本没有时间。
例4:He didn't so much as say thank you after all we'd done for him.
译文:我们为他干了那么多事,他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。
例5:You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.
译文:与其将钱借给他,还不如把钱丢进大海。(注意翻译时动作的对象)
[注意]:more ... than ...
1) she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。
2) George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆,不如说他聪颖过人。
以上第1)句是more... than结构的一般用法,即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较;而第2)句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成“与其说……还不如说……”。
more...than结构在上述1) 2)两句中的用法也适用于less ... than结构,得出相反的含义:
例如:
1) John is less daring 1 than quick-witted. 与其说约翰胆大,不如说他脑子灵活。
2) George was less intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治聪颖过人,不如说他言行放肆。
2.几个不定代词的固定搭配:
have none of: 不参加;不准;不接受
I will have none of your stupid ideas! 我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法!
He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it. 他有一个工作机会,但他说他不接受。
none but (=nothing but): 只有 (=only)
None but the brave deserves 2 the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。
She chose none but the best. 她只选最好的。
She is nothing but a child. 她只不过是个孩子。
none other than: (表示惊讶)不是别人,正是…… (= no one else but)
It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.
none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不,一点也不
He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.
他在医院里待了两个星期,但一点也没好转。
My car is none the worse for wear. 我的车子一点也没有损耗。
none the wiser: 不知情
If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.
如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕,母亲是不会知道的。
none too: (在形容词或副词前) 不太;一点都不
The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。
anything but: ①除---之外什么都(此处的but等于except)②决不(=not at all)
I eat anything but (except) fish. 除了鱼,我什么都吃。
She is anything but a good cook. 她决不是个好厨师。(即:除了好厨师,她什么都是。)
anything of: ①(疑问句/条件句)一点点;②(否定句)一点也(没有)
Is he anything of a poet? 他有一点点诗人的样子吗?
I haven’t seen anything of him lately. 最近我没有见过他。
for anything: (否定句)(给什么都)不,决不
I won’t go there for anything. 我决不去那里。
or anything: (意味着还有其他的可能性)
If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.
如果伯纳德要找我或什么的,我整天都会在这儿。
if anything: 若有任何不同的话
If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.
要说有什么不同的话,我的新工作反而比旧工作要难些。
or something: 或什么的(表示说话者不能肯定)
She is a stewardess 3 or something. 她是空姐或什么的。
something like: 有点像,大约
An airship is shaped something like a cigar. 飞船的形状有点像雪茄。
something of a...: 多少有点,有几分像,略懂
he’s something of a book collector. 他有几分像书籍收藏家。
something to / in: (叙述等)有些道理
There’s something to / in what you say; I’ll take your advice.
你说的有些道理,我会接受你的建议
have / be something to do with: 与……有关
I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.
我想盖佛克跟图谋炸毁桥梁有关。
nothing but (= none but = only): 仅仅,只不过
We could see nothing but fog. 除了雾之外我们什么也看不见。
for nothing: ①免费的; ②徒劳的; ③无缘无故的
She got the ticket for nothing. 她免费得到那张票。
All our preparation for nothing! No one’s even come to the party.
我们为宴会所作的准备都白费了! 连一个人都没来。
They quarreled for nothing. 他们无缘无故地争吵。
make nothing of: (常和can一起用)不理解;不重视,轻视 (= think nothing of)
I could make nothing of the passage. 我不理解这篇文章。
He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day. 他不在乎一天工作十小时。
to say nothing of: 更不用说(= not to mention / without mentioning)
Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.
三个人受了重伤,建筑物的损害更不用说了。
have nothing to do with: 与……无关
I have nothing to do with the accident. 我与这场事故无关。
nothing if not: 格外地;非常地 (= very / much / extremely)
He was nothing if not clever. (= He was very clever.) 他格外聪明。
nothing of: 无……的部分;无……的气质
There was nothing of the lady in her behavior. 她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。
区别:
all but 几乎,差一点,除……以外其余都是
but for要不是
but that+从句:若不是……
例1:She all but fainted when she heard the news.
译文:她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。
注:此句中a11 but意为nearly,almost。
试对比:
All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting.
译文:除了小孩,大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。
此句中all but意为a11 except。
例2:But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.
译文:要不是下雨,我们的旅行本来是愉快的。
例3:He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
译文:若不是他那时缺钱,他是会帮助我们的。
注1).but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2).but that有灵活的译法。如:Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap.(那孩子什么都不要,只要我把她抱在怀里。)
3.“名词+or+名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语,应译为“即……;或者称……”
例1:Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
译文:再者,除机器外技术还包括技艺,即制作方法,而动用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
4.“only + to do”意为“……,结果却……”,即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。
例1: They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only
to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.
译文:他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票,(如果去了,)结果却可能发现,所演的节目令人失望。
例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.
译文:他们匆匆忙忙赶到那儿,结果却发现会议被取消了。
5.not more / -er than 与 no more / -er than 结构
比较:
John is not better than Tom.
John is no better than Tom.
前一句表示“约翰不比汤姆好”,属于普通的比较结构;后一例用了no 情况就不同了。no better than 相当于as bad as,含义是两人一样坏。这里,“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反意。
例如: no richer than = as poor as 和……一样穷
no bigger than = as small as 和……一样小
no later than = as early as 和……一样早
同样地:
I have not taken more than six courses this semester 4.
I have taken no more than six courses this semester.
前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门;后一句的含义是只选了六门。强调“少”。
上述结构与表示前后都否定的no more...than (= not...any more than)又有所不同:
例:A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.(鲸和马同样不是鱼。)
另外,在某些结构中,单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念:
例1:That is more than I can tell. 我简直不能说。
例2:My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光而已。
6.no more...than... (= not...any more than) 和……—样都不……(表示前后都否定)
例1:The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样都无智力可言,因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
例2:There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
译文:他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命,就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。
例3:More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky 5 enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese.
译文:越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人。他仇视美国黑人,正像他仇视刚果人民一样。(直译:…,他不爱美国黑人,正像他不爱刚果人一样。)
注释:not...any more than是no more...than的一种强调形式。
例如:
1) Jack 6 is no more intelligent than John. (=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.)
杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。
2) A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. (=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.) 人不会飞翔,就像鸟不会说话一样。
3) As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese. (=As a nation,the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.)
作为一个国家,法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。
上述例句表明,no more...than并不表示比较,而是表示比喻,含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时,than后面的从句不用否定式,但译成汉语时要用否定式。而与上述句型意义相反的是:no less...than,意为:“和……同样是……”。例如:
Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是动物。
而no less than 的意思为:“简直是,实在是”,例如:
1) It is no less than blackmail 7 to ask such a high price. 如此索要高价,简直是敲诈。
2) It is no less than a scandal 8. 这实在是一件丑闻。
7.not nearly (=by no means,far from) 远不
例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis 9 in the matter of producing and marketing 10 food.
译文:食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长,这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。
注:1) this是指上面提到的“到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿”。2) 又如:There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。)
8.“更不用说”的表示法:
much less
still less
以上两短语引导的词组或从句,表示一种追加的否定,less是由little的比较级,所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中,可译为“更不用说,更不必
adj.大胆的,勇敢的,敢作敢为
- It was a daring attempt but he carried it off.那是个大胆的尝试,而他成功了。
- Man's first landing on the moon was a feat of great daring.人类首次登月是一个勇敢的壮举。
v.应受,应得,值得( deserve的第三人称单数 );应受报答;应得报酬;应得赔偿
- A wilful fault has no excuse and deserves no pardon. 不能宽恕故意犯下的错误。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- He is the only poet in this country that deserves the name. 他是这个国家唯一的一位名副其实的诗人。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
n.空中小姐,女乘务员
- Please show your ticket to the stewardess when you board the plane.登机时请向空中小姐出示机票。
- The stewardess hurried the passengers onto the plane.空中小姐催乘客赶快登机。
n.一学期,半学年,六个月的时间
- A student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester.每个学生一学期可能要修四五门课程。
- I had an especially rough time during my first semester.我第一个学期的日子难受极了。
adj.狡猾的,奸诈的;(工作等)棘手的,微妙的
- I'm in a rather tricky position.Can you help me out?我的处境很棘手,你能帮我吗?
- He avoided this tricky question and talked in generalities.他回避了这个非常微妙的问题,只做了个笼统的表述。
n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克
- I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
- He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。
n.讹诈,敲诈,勒索,胁迫,恫吓
- She demanded $1000 blackmail from him.她向他敲诈了1000美元。
- The journalist used blackmail to make the lawyer give him the documents.记者讹诈那名律师交给他文件。
n.丑事,丑闻,流言蜚语,反感,愤慨
- Scandal and gossip are meat and drink to him.各种丑闻和流言蜚语是他最感兴趣的事。
- His theft from the shop caused scandal in the village.他因偷商店的东西引起全村的公愤。
n.危机,危急关头,决定性时刻,关键阶段
- He had proved that he could be relied on in a crisis.他已表明,在紧要关头他是可以信赖的。
- The topic today centers about the crisis in the Middle East.今天课题的中心是中东危机。