经济学人:欧洲养老金:一脚踏入阿尔加维 (1)-英语课

时间：2019-02-17 作者：英语课 分类：经济学人财经系列

英语课

　　WHEN the financial crisis hammered Portugal's economy, hundreds of thousands of its people left, 当金融危机席卷葡萄牙经济时，数十万葡萄牙人离开了，

　　taking advantage of the European Union's rules on free movement to find work in countries that were hit less hard. 他们利用欧盟自由出入的规定在那些受经济危机打击较小的国家中找工作。
　　Now Portugal is welcoming older people going in the other direction, not for jobs but for a warm, cheap retirement 1. 现在葡萄牙以另一种方式欢迎老年人，不为工作而是为了一种温暖、廉价的退休政策。
　　Well-off baby-boomers are flocking to Lisbon, Sintra and the Algarve, drawn 2 in part by Portugal's tax exemptions 3 on foreign income. 在婴儿潮出生的人生活宽裕，他们涌入里斯本、辛特拉以及阿尔加维，被葡萄牙对海外收入的免税政策所吸引。
　　Under its non-habitual-residency scheme, pensions from abroad can be drawn tax-free for a decade. 在非常住税务居民计划下，来自海外的退休金可免除十年税收。
　　Bilateral 4 double-taxation agreements are intended to ensure that income does not end up being taxed twice. 双边双重课税协议旨在确保收入不被二次征税。
　　But some countries, seeking to boost domestic demand by luring 5 wealthy immigrants, 但是为了吸引富裕移民促进国内需求，
　　have arranged matters so that they can avoid paying any tax on income earned outside their country of residence, such as pensions, capital gains and rent. 一些国家做好了一切安排，让那些富裕的移民可以避免为来自居住国之外的收入上缴任何税，比如养老金、资本收益及租金。
　　To qualify, foreign pensioners 6 who move to Portugal need only stick around for six months a year and register as tax-resident. 移居葡萄牙的海外领取退休金人员仅需一年内在该国停留6个月并注册成为该国纳税居民便可获得该国移民资格。
　　Portugal is not the only EU country where foreign pensioners can find a sweet deal. 在欧盟国家中，葡萄牙并非唯一一个让海外领取退休金人员尝到甜头的国家。
　　France taxes some pensions taken as a lump sum at 7.5%; with judicious 7 use of private health insurance, 法国对一些养老金一次性征税7.5%；对私人医疗保险的合理使用
　　pensioners can also avoid paying the social charges of 9.1% normally levied 8 on pensions. 也可让领取退休金的人避免缴纳养老金9.1%的社会负担费用。
　　Malta exempts 9 pensions of up to 13,200 euros ($15,200) from tax altogether, with a flat rate of 15% above that. 马尔他免除了高达132000欧元（15200美元）的税，均一费率为15%高于该数额。
　　State pensions are often excluded from generous exemptions but Cyprus taxes all pensions at 5%, 国家养老金常被排除在慷慨的免税政策之外，但除塞浦路斯外，该国对所有养老金征税5%，
　　making it particularly attractive for retired 10 civil servants. It also allows people to withdraw their entire pension pots as a lump sum tax-free. 这对已退休公务员尤有吸引力。人们还能将一次性免征税的所有养老金取出来。
　　Governments elsewhere are cross about being undercut. Portugal's most vocal 11 critics are the Nordics. 他国政府抱怨财政被削弱。葡萄牙最直白的批评来自北欧人。