金融英语 chapter1添加文本

　　[00:00.00]Chapter 1   Banks in Modern Society

[00:01.82]第一章现代社会中的银行

[00:03.63]Unit 1  Basic Roles and Services of a Bank

[00:05.79]第一单元银行的基本职能和服务

[00:07.94]What is a bank?

[00:09.44]如何定义银行?

[00:10.95]It may be advisable to define a bank as an institution for doing financial work.

[00:14.59]可以将银行定义为从事金融工作的机构.

[00:18.23]Notes:What is a bank?

[00:20.58]如何定义银行?

[00:22.94]It may be advisable to define a bank as an institution for doing financial work.

[00:36.48]可以将银行定义为从事金融工作的机构.

[00:50.02]A modern bank provides many services.

[00:51.87]现代银行提供多种服务.

[00:53.71]One of the most important of these is regular pass book savings 1.

[00:56.41]其中最重要的一项就是存款储蓄.

[00:59.12]If you go to a bank to open a savings account,

[01:00.87]如何你去银行开立储蓄户头,

[01:02.62]first of all you'll be asked to fill out a signature card.

[01:04.91]首先你得填写签名卡.

[01:07.21]Notes:If you go to a bank to open a savings account,

[01:09.71]如何你去银行开立储蓄户头,

[01:12.20]first of all you'll be asked to fill out a signature card.

[01:13.95]首先你得填写签名卡.

[01:15.70]saving account,

[01:24.82]demand-deposit or checking-accounts,

[01:29.52]time-deposit

[01:31.51]Then you'll be given a passbook 2 in which your initial deposit would be recorded.

[01:34.60]然后你会得到一张存折,上面记载了你的初次存款.

[01:37.70]All deposits and with-drawals from your account are entered into your passbook.

[01:40.30]你帐上所有存、取款都将记入你的存折.

[01:42.90]This means that the passbook

[01:44.24]这就是说存折

[01:45.59]contains an actual record of saving you have at any one time.

[01:48.08]实实在在记录着你每一次的储蓄情况.

[01:50.58]With a regular passbook savings account,

[01:52.38]如果是活期存折储蓄帐户,

[01:54.18]you would be able to withdraw money whenever you needed it.

[01:56.88]一旦需要,你随时可以取款.

[01:59.59]All you would have to do is to fill out a withdrawal 3 order and present it,

[02:02.24]需要做的只是填写取款单,

[02:04.89]along with your passbook,to the teller 4.

[02:06.59]然后与存折一并交给出纳

[02:08.29]Another important service that banks provide is traveler's checks.

[02:10.59]银行的另一项服务就是旅行支票.

[02:12.88]If you went on a vacation or traveled on business to another city or state,

[02:15.59]如果你去另外一个城市或其它州出差或度假,

[02:18.29]you would probably want to bring some traveler's checks with you.

[02:20.29]你很可能想携带旅行支票.

[02:22.29]They have two important advantages over cash.

[02:24.13]比起现金,旅行支票有两个重要的优势.

[02:25.97]One is that your money is always safe.

[02:27.71]一是你的钱一直会很安全,

[02:29.45]If the checks are lost or stolen,you can receive a refund 5 for the total amount.

[02:32.24]如果支票遗失和被盗,你会得到如数的退赔.

[02:35.04]Another is that they are more convenient.

[02:36.49]另外一个优势就是旅行支票颇为方便.

[02:37.94]For this service the bank charges 1 percent of the amount of the check.

[02:40.08]银行的这项服务要占支票面额百分之一的费用.

[02:42.22]Still another service that banks provide is safe-deposit boxes,

[02:44.77]银行还提供了一项服务,就是贵重物品保管箱.

[02:47.31]where you can keep important documents and valuable jewelry 6.

[02:49.51]你可以在保管箱里存上重要文件和贵重珠宝.

[02:51.70]If kept in you own home,your valuables might be lost or stolen.

[02:54.35]如果将贵重物品放在家里,或许会失丢或被窃.

[02:57.01]They might also be destroyed by fire or flood.

[02:58.81]或许还会毁于水灾或火灾.

[03:00.61]Safe-deposit boxes are kept in vaults 7 that are usually burglar-proof and fireproof.

[03:03.95]贵重物品保管箱通常存放在防盗、防火的保险库中.

[03:07.30]Notes:

[03:09.49]Safe-deposit boxes are kept in vaults that are usually burglar-proof and fireproof.

[03:15.29]burglar-proof,

[03:27.39]a waterproof 8 coat,

[03:30.18]a bulletproof car,

[03:32.98]a soundproof room

[03:35.98]To get a safe-deposit box,

[03:37.38]你要想使用贵重物品保管箱,

[03:38.78]you would have to fill out a signature card and pay a yearly rental 9 fee.

[03:41.18]就得填写签名卡并且付上一年的租金.

[03:43.58]You would be given a key to your box,and the bank would keep another key.

[03:45.78]你会拿到一把开箱的钥匙,而银行会留存另一把.

[03:47.97]It is impossible to open your box without both keys.

[03:50.31]没有两把钥匙就不能打开你的箱子.

[03:52.65]The banks takes another precaution as well.

[03:54.89]银行还采取了另一预防措施.

[03:57.14]Before you can open the box,you must sign a slip of paper.

[03:59.23]你在开箱之前,必须在纸上签名.

[04:01.32]Your signature is compared with the one on your signature card.

[04:03.36]这一签名将与你在签名卡上的签名相对比.

[04:05.39]You'll not be allowed to open your box unless the employee

[04:07.34]你不允许打开箱子,

[04:09.29]at the bank is satisfied that the signature is genuine.

[04:11.28]直到银行雇员确信签名是真迹后.

[04:13.28]One another important service,

[04:14.58]还有一项重要服务

[04:15.87]one which many businessmen who travel a great deal take advantage of,

[04:18.31]就是许多经常旅行的商人所利用的服务,

[04:20.75]is the credit card.

[04:22.05]即信用卡.

[04:23.34]Credit cards are the convenient way of paying hotel bills and other expenses.

[04:25.93]信用卡是支付酒店帐单和其他费用的便利手段.

[04:28.51]They can also be used for cash advances.

[04:30.41]信用卡还可以用来预支现金.

[04:32.30]All charges made on your card are sent to the bank,

[04:34.46]你卡的一切款项会送到银行,

[04:36.61]and you are billed once a month for the total amount.

[04:38.31]要求你每月付一次总帐.

[04:40.01]There is no charge(except for cash advances) if the payment is received promptly 10.

[04:43.26]除非预支现金,如能及时付款,无需任何费用.

[04:46.51]To get a credit card,you must fill out an application

[04:48.46]你如果想拥有一张信用卡,就必须填写申请表,

[04:50.40]that requires you to supply such personal information as your monthly salary and other income.

[04:53.45]提供诸如你每月工资和其他收入之类的个人资料.

[04:56.49]If your credit is not good,the bank will not issue such a credit card.

[04:58.74]如果你的信誉不好,银行就不会给你发卡.

[05:00.98]Of course,this information is kept confidential 11.

[05:02.93]当然这一情况是保密的.

[05:04.88]Most of the services described above do not provide a major source of income for the bank.

[05:08.13]上述大多数业务并不能为银行提供主要的收入来源.

[05:11.38]How,then,does the bank itself make its money?

[05:13.27]那么银行是如何赚钱的呢?

[05:15.17]Its largest source of income is through loans.

[05:17.22]最大的收入来源还是贷款.

[05:19.27]The majority of loans made are known as commercial loans

[05:21.48]大多数贷款以商业贷款

[05:23.68]---loans made to businesses and not to individuals.

[05:26.78]贷给企业而不是个人的款项,最为人所熟知.

[05:29.87]In addition,banks make real estate loans to individuals for the purchase of houses or land,

[05:33.27]此外银行也向想购买住房或土地的个人提供房地产贷款,

[05:36.67]and they also give personal loans to people

[05:38.65]还向想购买新车

[05:40.64]who want to buy a new car or a new appliance

[05:42.48]或新设备的人提供个人贷款.

[05:44.32]It is hard to imagine

[05:45.52]很难想象,

[05:46.72]how the complex business affairs of our modern world could be carried out

[05:49.22]人们将如何处理现代社会复杂的商业事务,

[05:51.71]without the many services that a bank provides.

[05:53.66]假如说没有银行提供的许许多多的服务.

[05:55.60]Unit 2   Commercial Banks

[05:57.15]第二单元商业银行

[05:58.69]Section One Advances

[06:00.18]第一部分放款

[06:01.67]When a trading banker refers to his bank's business,

[06:03.72]当商业银行提及其银行业务时,

[06:05.77]it means primarily its advance business.

[06:07.97]主要是指放款业务.

[06:10.18]The provision of credit by way of advances to customers

[06:12.68]以放款方式向客户提供贷款

[06:15.17]is central to the business of trading banks

[06:17.27]是商业银行的中心任务,

[06:19.38]because it yields the bulk of their income,

[06:21.22]因为放款是它们大量收入的来源

[06:23.06]demands the most important policy decisions at every level of bank administration,

[06:26.05]需要各级银行管理机构的重要决策,

[06:29.04]and constitutes the channel through

[06:30.79]并且建立了渠道,

[06:32.54]which trading banks exercise the greatest influence on a country's economy.

[06:35.64]使商业银行由此对国家的经济产生重大影响.

[06:38.73]A bank advance can take two forms,loan or overdraft 12.

[06:41.12]银行放款可以采取两种形式：贷款或透支.

[06:43.51]The distinction between the two methods does not matter greatly to the customer.

[06:46.32]这两放款方式的差别对客户关系不大.

[06:49.13]With the overdraft method,

[06:50.28]采用透支方法借款,

[06:51.43]the amount of the agreed advance is noted 13 in the customer's account.

[06:53.57]银行议定的放款金额在客户帐户上注明

[06:55.71]as the limit up to which he may overdraw 14 his account,

[06:57.71]作为该客户可以透支的"限额",

[06:59.71]and interest is charged only on the daily debit 15 balance.

[07:01.90]而利息仅按每日借方余额计息.

[07:04.10]In the case of loans,

[07:05.25]至于贷款方式的借款,

[07:06.40]the whole amount advanced is at once debited 16 to the customer's loan account

[07:08.70]全部放款金额同时借记客户的贷款帐户

[07:10.99]and credited to his current account.

[07:12.64]和贷记其往来帐户.

[07:14.29]But since the bank usually allows a substantial interest set-off

[07:16.73]但是,由于银行通常同意冲抵较少的贷方余额,

[07:19.17]on any smaller credit balance,

[07:20.82]而在利息上做出很大让步

[07:22.46]the interest payable 17 is much the same as under the overdraft procedure.

[07:25.01]应付利息与透支方式的利息大致相同.

[07:27.56]The distinction does,however,make a difference to totals of deposits and advances.

[07:30.30]然而,这种差别对于存款和放款的总额确有不同.

[07:33.04]If advances take the form of loans,

[07:34.60]如果放款采取贷款的形式,

[07:36.15]new credit granted immediately increases advances and deposits by the full amount.

[07:39.25]发放的新贷款立即全数转入放款和存款中.

[07:42.34]In the case of overdrafts 18,

[07:43.69]至于透支方式的放款,

[07:45.03]advances and deposits are increased only as the overdraft is used.

[07:47.72]只有在使用透支的情况下放款和存款才会增加.

[07:50.41]If figures for unexercised overdrafts were available and were added to deposits

[07:53.22]如果未动用透支的数额有效并被转入存款,

[07:56.03]this difference,too,would disappear.

[07:57.57]这种差别也就不存在了.

[07:59.11]A bank is usually happy to take on new customers,

[08:01.02]银行通常乐于接纳新客户,

[08:02.93]Notes:A bank is usually happy to take on new customers,

[08:08.41]Notes:take on

[08:14.92]We've decided 19 to take on a new clerk in the accounts department.

[08:17.11]我们决定为会计部聘请一名新的办事员.

[08:19.30]but it naturally scrutinizes 20 more closely outside applicants 22,

[08:22.00]但是对于非往来客户申请者,对他们的信贷资信情况

[08:24.69]of whose credit standing 23 it has no direct knowledge

[08:26.59]不直接了解,自然要仔细地审核；

[08:28.50]and always makes it a condition of the advance

[08:30.09]并且把这作为一种情况

[08:31.69]that the applicant 21 transfer his ordinary banking 24 business to itself.

[08:34.19]总以申请者将其普通银行业务过户到本行为放款条件.

[08:36.70]Nor are all advances formally approved and backed by written security.

[08:39.25]不是每笔放款都需要正式批准和书面担保.

[08:41.80]The Australian trading banks are much less strict than American banks

[08:44.20]澳大利亚商业银行比美国银行要宽松得多;

[08:46.60]about debit balances incur 25 red by customers overdrawing 26 their accounts by small amounts

[08:49.80]帐户出现小额的

[08:53.00]and for short periods without formal approval.

[08:55.05]和短期的透支金额,客户未经批准.

[08:57.10]Business firms in good standing with their bank

[08:58.64]与银行保持良好信誉的商务公司

[09:00.19]can usually also count on getting a small overdraft for a short period,

[09:02.64]指望得到短期的小额透支

[09:05.10]of perhaps a few weeks,without formal security.

[09:07.29]或许只有几个星期,通常也可以在无正式担保时.

[09:09.49]Notes:

[09:11.18]Business firms in good standing with their bank

[09:15.68]can usually also count on getting a small overdraft for a short period,

[09:20.56]of perhaps a few weeks,without formal security.

[09:24.77]Notes:count on

[09:32.06]You cannot count on the weather being fine.

[09:33.90]你不能指望天气会好起来.

[09:35.74]The overdrafts of very large companies are commonly unsecured.

[09:37.93]相当大的公司透支通常无需担保.

[09:40.13]But insistence 27 on written security

[09:41.62]但是强调局面担保

[09:43.11]is probably more general in Australia than in England

[09:45.20]在澳大利亚,或许比在英国更为普遍.

[09:47.28]where business and particularly personal advances

[09:49.14]在英国,企业、特别是个人贷款

[09:50.99]are still frequently granted on the good name

[09:52.99]仍然常常依靠其良好的信誉

[09:54.99]and the bank's knowledge of the customer alone.

[09:56.79]和银行单方面对客户的了解而定.

[09:58.60]The usual procedure,when a new advance is sought,

[10:00.59]当寻求一笔新贷款时,通常的程序是:

[10:02.59]is for the customer to put his request to the bank manager

[10:04.43]客户向银行经理呈交申请,

[10:06.28]who will require information about the applicant's business and financial position

[10:08.82]由银行经理对申请人的业务和财物状况、

[10:11.37]the purpose of the advance,

[10:12.52]贷款目的、

[10:13.67]security offered and arrangements for repayment 28;

[10:15.51]所示担保和还款计划等进行咨询.

[10:17.35]if the applicant is not well known to the bank,

[10:18.79]如果银行不很了解申请人的话,

[10:20.23]he may ask for references.

[10:21.62]有可能要求其提供担保人.

[10:23.02]For advances up to a certain amount,

[10:24.26]对于一定数量的放款,

[10:25.50]the manager has authority to sanction the advance at his own discretion 29,

[10:27.89]经理有权自行批准,

[10:30.28]though the amount varies from bank to bank

[10:31.78]这个数量因不同银行而异

[10:33.29]and with the size of the manager's branch;

[10:34.88]也与经理所在银行的大小而不同,

[10:36.47]it may also vary according to whether credit policy is tight or easy.

[10:39.22]同时,也根据信贷政策的宽松度而改变.

[10:41.96]When the advance is approved,

[10:43.71]这笔贷款一经同意,

[10:45.46]the bank's security department prepares security documents

[10:47.76]银行信贷部就准备提交

[10:50.06]which may require detailed 30 investigation 31 and valuation.

[10:52.46]详细的调查和评估担保文件.

[10:54.86]When these are completed,

[10:56.07]当一切完成后,

[10:57.27]the agreed limit is recorded in the customer's advance account.

[10:59.51]银行同意的贷款数额则记入客户的预付款帐户.

[11:01.76]All advance accounts are kept under regular review,

[11:03.81]所有预付款帐户都要定期检查,

[11:05.86]and customers may be requested to

[11:07.72]并且要求客户

[11:09.57]comply with the formal or informal repayment arrangements.

[11:11.87]遵守正式或非正式的还款计划.

[11:14.17]Section 2  Commercial Bank's Credit Creation

[11:16.47]第二部分商业银行的信用创造

[11:18.77]It is the ability of the commercial banks to create money

[11:20.82]商业银行有创造货币的能力

[11:22.87]in the form of demand deposits by making loans and investments

[11:26.26]因发放贷款,进行投资,以活期存款的形式

[11:29.66]that distinguishes commercial banks from other financial institutions.

[11:32.51]而与其他金融机构相区别.

[11:35.35]While some thrift 32 institutions have acquired demand deposit authority,

[11:38.66]尽管一些储蓄机构也获得了提供活期存款的授权,

[11:41.96]their participation 33 in money creation is limited relative to banks

[11:45.06]但与商业银行相比它们创造信用的能力十分有限,

[11:48.15]which hold their nearly all business demand deposits

[11:50.06]由于商业银行拥有几乎所有企业的活期存款、

[11:51.97]and the majority of individual and government demand deposits.

[11:54.71]绝大部分个人和政府的活期存款.

[11:57.45]The banking system can build up deposits by increasing loans and investments,

[12:00.21]银行可以通过发放贷款、进行投资来增加存款,

[12:02.96]so long as banks keep enough currency and reserves

[12:04.77]只要保持足够的货币和储备

[12:06.57]to meet the requirement imposed on them by regulation

[12:08.66]满足法定的规定,

[12:10.75]and to redeem 34 whatever amounts the holders 35 of deposits want to convert to currency.

[12:13.94]并且保证存款人实现变现的需要.

[12:17.12]This is a unique attribute that is often difficult for the layman 36 to understand

[12:19.92]银行的这一特点对于业外人士很难理解,

[12:22.71]and that occasionally even baffles bankers.

[12:24.71]即使银行家也时常感到困惑.

[12:26.71]As contrasted with the banking system as a whole,however,

[12:29.81]当然,与银行整体系统相比,

[12:32.90]an individual bank cannot expect that the deposits it creates will remain with it.

[12:35.91]单个银行不可能将它创造的存款保留在自己的银行内.

[12:38.91]The money it can lend and invest,at any moment,

[12:40.80]在任何时候,它只能将以下款项用于贷款和投资;

[12:42.70]is its excess of cash

[12:43.99]即:在所拥有的现金,

[12:45.28]and bank balances over required reserves and minimum cash requirements.

[12:48.34]存款余额中超出法定储备和最低现金持有量的部分

[12:51.40]The individual bank must stand ready

[12:52.94]作为单个的银行它必须

[12:54.48]to pay out the deposits it creates when it makes new loans

[12:56.72]随时付出通过贷款创造的存款,

[12:58.97]Notes:

[13:00.46]The individual bank must stand ready to pay out the deposits it creates when it makes new loans

[13:08.17]Notes:stand

[13:14.25]How do things stand at the moment?

[13:15.76]目前事情的状况如何?

[13:17.26]and to pay for securities it buys upon delivery.

[13:20.46]当证卷的投资交割时也必须支付.

[13:23.66]In practice,out of the vast aggregate 37 of financial transactions the individual bank gains

[13:27.41]实际操作中,每家银行可从日常大量的金融交易中获得,

[13:31.15]and loses funds in the course of each day's business

[13:33.70]也可能推动资金.

[13:36.25]From its net gains the bank can increase its loans and investments.

[13:38.89]资金若是净增加;可以用于贷款和投资.

[13:41.52]If the bank has net losses it must collect loans or sell investments.

[13:44.07]资金若是净减少,它就必须收回贷款或者售出投资.

[13:46.62]As one of the theoretical aggregate of all banks

[13:48.62]作为银行总量的一部分,

[13:50.62]it competes for its share of the deposits

[13:52.51]每家银行须通过竞争获得自己的份额

[13:54.40]that the banking system as a whole may create

[13:56.15]从整个银行体系由此创造的存款总量中

[13:57.90]when additional reserves are supplied by the Central Bank.

[13:59.90]当中中央银行向银行体系增加储备资金时,

[14:01.90]A bank does not create credit in a vacuum;

[14:04.06]银行不是在真空中创造信用,

[14:06.21]it creates credit in order to supply the funds that are needed by the community it serves

[14:09.31]而是为了满足社区资金的需要

[14:12.40]and the nation of which it is a part.

[14:13.80]它服务的社区以及它所在国家.

[14:15.20]Bank loans and investments may finance production,

[14:17.04]银行贷款和投资可以为生产、

[14:18.88]distribution,investment,consumption,and the needs of government.

[14:22.08]销售、投资、消费和政府需要提供资金.

[14:25.28]Credit enables goods to move through the channels of trade,

[14:27.28]信用能使货畅其流,

[14:29.28]People to acquire homes,factories to be built,workers to buy automobiles 38,

[14:32.37]人们获得住房,建设工厂,工人购买汽车,

[14:35.47]the nation to finance its defense 39,

[14:36.96]国家为防御提供资金,

[14:38.45]and many other useful or profitable purposes.

[14:40.54]以及满足许许多多其他有用或者有利的目的.

[14:42.63]Without credit business as we know it would be almost impossible,

[14:45.03]没有信用,我们所谈到的企业几乎无法生存,

[14:47.43]and our standard of living would never have been attained 40.

[14:49.29]我们目前享有的生活水平根本无法达到.

[14:51.14]Bank credit supplies money where and when it is needed,

[14:53.34]银行信贷在需要的时间和地方提供货币,

[14:55.53]and the repayment of bank credit removes money from circulation

[14:57.78]通过银行贷款的偿还从流通中收回货币,

[15:00.02]when the specific need for it has passed

[15:01.68]而当某一需要不存在时.

[15:03.34]When the economists 41 speak of a balanced economy

[15:05.68]当经济学家谈及经济"平衡"时,

[15:08.02]he envisions an overall balance between production and consumption.

[15:10.65]他是指生产和消费之间全面均衡.

[15:13.29]With respect to both the businessman and the individual,however

[15:15.29]但是对于企业家和个人而言,

[15:17.29]such a balance usually involves a time lag.

[15:19.48]这种均衡总存在时滞.

[15:21.68]The farmer invests seed,fertilizer,

[15:23.48]农民种庄稼必须投入种子化肥

[15:25.28]and six months' effort into a crop

[15:26.68]和六个月的辛勤劳作

[15:28.08]before he can harvest and sell it.

[15:29.67]然后才能收获和销售.

[15:31.27]The manufacturer must assemble,pay for,and put to use plant,materials,and labor 42

[15:34.41]制造商必因使用工厂、材料、人力而付费,

[15:37.56]before he can produce a salable 43 product.

[15:39.31]只有这样才能生产出销售的产品.

[15:41.06]The individual who wants to buy a car

[15:42.46]个人想购买汽车

[15:43.86]or must meet unexpected medical expenses may not have the money on hand

[15:46.95]或者发生意外医疗费开支时可能手中没有钱,

[15:50.05]but is able to make his purchase or pay his bills out of future income.

[15:52.89]但他可以利用未来的收入购买、支付帐单.

[15:55.74]In supplying credit to farmers,manufacturers,and individuals,

[15:58.03]通过向农民、制造商和个人提供信用,

[16:00.31]the commercial bank bridges the time lag between production and consumption

[16:03.00]商业银行弥补了生产和消费间的时滞,

[16:05.69]and thus helps to bring the financial affairs of the economy into balance

[16:08.20]因而使整个经济的资金达到平衡.

[16:10.71]Notes:

[16:12.30]and thus helps to bring the financial affairs of the economy into balance

[16:17.01]bring into balance

[16:22.81]This is another way of saying

[16:24.01]可以换一种说法表述

[16:25.21]that commercial banks supply liquidity 44 to the economy.

[16:27.56]商业银行为经济提供的流动性.

[16:29.91]Through their ability to lend and invest,

[16:31.56]通过它们的贷款和投资能力,

[16:33.20]they can provide money immediately

[16:34.60]商业银行可以立即提供货币

[16:36.00]in consideration of assets  or efforts that have a future money value.

[16:38.70]考虑到一定资产或有一定未来货币价值的成果,

[16:41.40]Commercial banks use many different means

[16:42.85]商业银行利用很多不同的方法

[16:44.30]and organizational forms to supply this liquidity.

[16:46.25]和组织形式提供流动性；

[16:48.20]Seasonal self-liquidating business loans,

[16:50.00]季节性、自偿性商业贷款、

[16:51.80]consumer home-mortgage loans,tax anticipation 45 notes,

[16:54.86]消费者房产抵押贷款、预税金票据、

[16:57.91]business term loans,bank credit cards,and many other forms are used.

[17:01.01]企业长期贷款、银行信用卡,以及其他许多形式.

[17:04.10]In larger banks,

[17:04.95]在大银行里,

[17:05.80]departments are generally established to specialize in certain forms of lending.

[17:08.30]通常设立不同的专业部门处理各种具体贷款.

[17:10.79]The foreign departments of some large banks,for example,

[17:12.69]例如一些大银行的国际部

[17:14.58]are almost separate institutions in themselves.

[17:16.53]本身几乎是一个分立的机构.

[17:18.47]In smaller banks,one or a small number of bank officers

[17:20.63]在一些小银行中,一个或几个银行职员

[17:22.78]is generally responsible for bank loans and investments;

[17:25.17]负责贷款和投资业务,

[17:27.56]however,farm lending or consumer credit is frequently departmentalized.

[17:30.91]但是,农业贷款和消费信用通常由专业部来办理.

[17:34.25]The important aspect is not the particular means or organizational form,

[17:37.05]重要的不是具体的方法和组织形式,

[17:39.84]but the bank's active effort

[17:40.94]而是银行积极努力

[17:42.03]to supply the funds that are needed in the community that it serves.

[17:44.73]为服务的社区提供所需要的资金服务.

[17:47.42]Section 3  the Payment Collection of Commercial Banks.

[17:50.51]第三部分商业银行的支付与托收

[17:53.61]The commercial banking system

[17:55.00]商业银行系统

[17:56.40]not only creates the principal means of payment(demand deposits)

[17:59.80]不仅创造了主要支付手段--活动存款

[18:03.19]and serves as the custodian 46 of this supply of money

[18:05.24]充当货币供应的庇护神,

[18:07.29]but also provides the means by which payments can be simply and expeditiously 47 made.

[18:10.65]而且还是提供简单、迅捷的支付方法.

[18:14.01]This is the collection system through which checks,primarily,

[18:16.50]通过这一系统,主要是支票、

[18:19.00]but also notes,drafts,coupons,

[18:20.64]也包括票据、汇票、息票

[18:22.29]and money transfers by letter and telegraph

[18:23.88]通过信件和电报的资金转移活动

[18:25.48]are made each day in tremendous and ever-increasing volume

[18:27.67]每天都大量进行,而且日益增长.

[18:29.86]As we move toward a "check-less" society

[18:31.85]随着我们走向"无支票"社会,

[18:33.84]Notes: As we move toward a "check-less" society

[18:39.53]check-less

[18:50.92]payments will still be made through electronic debits 48 and credits

[18:52.97]支付将仍通过银行终端机

[18:55.02]to bank accounts maintained in bank computer memories

[18:57.27]对存储帐户进行电子借贷.

[18:59.51]Some automated 49 clearing houses will be established in the cities of the future

[19:02.02]电子自动转帐在未来的城市中会建立起

[19:04.53]to handle electronic transfers,

[19:06.23]自动清算

[19:07.92]primarily the direct deposit of social security payments,

[19:10.12]主要是社会保障金的直接存款、

[19:12.31]the deposit of payrolls 50 to the bank accounts of employees,

[19:14.42]将工资存入员工的银行帐户,

[19:16.52]as well as certain pre-authorized debits such as insurance payments.

[19:19.12]还有事先授权借贷保险金的支付.

[19:21.72]It is likely that point-of-sale

[19:23.02]很有可能店头计算机直接借贷

[19:24.33]computer entries will eventually swell 51 the volume of payments

[19:26.47]将会使大量的支付

[19:28.61]that can be made without the use of paper checks.

[19:30.52]不再需要使用支票.

[19:32.43]Checks serve as money,although they are not legal tender,

[19:34.83]尽管支票不是法定货币,但可以作为货币使用,

[19:37.23]Because they can be collected quickly and cheaply through the banking system.

[19:39.53]因为可以通过银行系统较快捷、费用较低地来托收.

[19:41.83]The collection of checks and other forms of payment orders

[19:43.67]支票和其它支付命令的托收

[19:45.52]is largely a routine banking function.

[19:47.27]是银行的日常功能.

[19:49.02]The law with respect to negotiable instruments has been well standardized 52,

[19:51.61]有关可流通票据的法规已经非常标准化,

[19:54.21]and the procedures of collection,almost as uniformly followed,

[19:56.26]托收的程序已经广泛、规范地操作,

[19:58.31]are set forth 53 in detail in the regulations of the Federal Reserve System.

[20:01.32]在联邦储备系统中的规定十分详尽.

[20:04.32]Nevertheless,if one includes the payment and receipt of fundsthrough the teller's window,

[20:07.17]但是,如果包括通过出纳窗口进行资金收支,

[20:10.02]more man-days are spent by banks in the performance of the collection function

[20:13.57]银行用于履行托收业务职能所花费的人工要高

[20:17.12]than in any other.

[20:18.27]比在银行其他任何一种功能上

[20:19.42]Available figures indicate that close to one third of bank operating costs,

[20:22.37]现有数字表明:银行业务费用将近三分之一

[20:25.33]exclusive of interest paid,

[20:26.58]除了银行的利息支出以外,

[20:27.83]are the direct costs of their teller,transit,and bookkeeping operations.

[20:30.68]直接用于出纳、资金转移和记帐业务.

[20:33.53]The growth in use of bank credit cards as the means of payment may shift these costs

[20:36.62]具的普及化可能将这些费用转移,

[20:39.72]but will probably not reduce them.

[20:41.42]但不可能减少.

[20:43.12]From the viewpoint of bank policy,

[20:44.42]从银行政策的角度来看,

[20:45.73]the system is primarily a service function.

[20:47.62]托收系统的业务主要是一种服务功能.