时间:2019-02-09 作者:英语课 分类:大学四六级阅读


英语课

   在英语学习中,我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时,许多人立即翻阅字典,查找词义。其实,这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力,而且影响阅读速度。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时,可利用以下线索:


  二、内在逻辑关系
  根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
  1、根据对比关系猜测词义
  在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。
  【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious 1 men I know. His brother,in contrast,is quite humble 2 and modest.
  该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们:supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
  表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast和while引导的并列句等。
  【例二】A good supervisor 3 can recognize instantly the adept 4 workers from the unskilled ones.
  该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语,但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义——“熟练的”。
  2、根据比较关系猜测词义
  同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。
  【例如】Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious 5.
  该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
  表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
  3、根据因果关系猜测词义
  在句子或段落种,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。
  【例一】Tom is considered an autocratic administrator 6 because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
  根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
  【例二】There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
  此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描书“许多示威者”,我们便可推知elbow的词意“挤,挤过”。
  4、根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
  在句子或段落种,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。
  【例一】Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize 7 his future.
  作者为避免重复使用endanger一词,用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为“使. . .陷入危险,危及、危害”。
  【例二】Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental 8 to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
  句中detrimental四个生词,但判断出harmful替代detrimental后,不难推断出其词义为“不利的,有害的”。

adj.目中无人的,高傲的;adv.高傲地;n.高傲
  • The shop assistant was very supercilious towards me when I asked for some help.我要买东西招呼售货员时,那个售货员对我不屑一顾。
  • His manner is supercilious and arrogant.他非常傲慢自大。
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低
  • In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见,他将在选举中获胜。
  • Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。
n.监督人,管理人,检查员,督学,主管,导师
  • Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit.我们私下说,我认为新来的主管人是一个傻瓜。
  • He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor.他说我太轻浮不能成为一名好的管理员。
adj.老练的,精通的
  • When it comes to photography,I'm not an adept.要说照相,我不是内行。
  • He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.他十分善于避开麻烦。
adj.多嘴的,饶舌的
  • The normally loquacious Mr O'Reilly has said little.平常话多的奥赖利先生几乎没说什么。
  • Kennedy had become almost as loquacious as Joe.肯尼迪变得和乔一样唠叨了。
n.经营管理者,行政官员
  • The role of administrator absorbed much of Ben's energy.行政职务耗掉本很多精力。
  • He has proved himself capable as administrator.他表现出管理才能。
vt.危及,损害
  • Overworking can jeopardize your health.工作过量可能会危及你的健康。
  • If you are rude to the boss it may jeopardize your chances of success.如果你对上司无礼,那就可能断送你成功的机会。
adj.损害的,造成伤害的
  • We know that heat treatment is detrimental to milk.我们知道加热对牛奶是不利的。
  • He wouldn't accept that smoking was detrimental to health.他不相信吸烟有害健康。
标签: 四级 阅读 技巧
学英语单词
5-serotonin
abasiophilia
aetio-
air inlet disk valve
alpinone
analysis of canonical correlation
anthropocentricity
anticoherer
antipoetic
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
aragn
Atlachlor
bairns
bank cable
bar of soap
be the most
binding margin
blue toe syndrome
by pass conductor
capon
captive wake
Cardiotrastum
chieftainry
coming full circle
condons
confess that
cosigns
cross bit
D J S
darkle
data bus controller
Deh Sheykh
delightfull
diastematopyelia
DNSChanger
downhill pipe line
drag across
dzhabrailov
endomide
Erhard, Ludwig
error distributing code
ever-widenings
faculas
favours
field of real numbers
fixed wiring method
FOAF
god-bearer
grazian
hot-head ignition
hypoaffective
ill wills
immunofluorometric
introns early
laceers
Lagascea mollis
lead secondary battery
lineman's climber
machining operation
mackensen
Mariefred
media go
microwave inspection of highway
muck flat
naval searchlight
non-insulated immersion suit
on the grapevine
optimal diet
overspread tree
pee-er
physogs
post-structuralist critique
puritan filler
recessus sphaericus
reverse in-line profiling
ruelles
sciurines
sensitized lymphocyte
sharklike
sideward motion of earthquake
silk-winder
sound filtration
space capsule
specialty stores
speed control servo motor
springle
Stack arms!
statement of reasons for judicial decision
statistic description
strategic situation
sulfur station
surveyorships
tachyhydrite
tailing area
telacidin
temperature soaking coil
Untersteinach
vernacularization
voltage-regulator diode
waws
zipped up