英语表达中的言不由衷
英语课
当我们判定一个句子是肯定还是否定，我们多会首先从形式上加以裁判。在汉语里有“不”“非”等，在英语里有“no”“not”等来表示否定，而用“是”“yes”来表示肯定。
句中使用了表示否定意义的词的句子为否定句，反之则为肯定句。在绝大多数时候，句子的形式及其传达的意义是统一的。然而，无论中文还是英文，都会出现由于表达的习惯，语气的不同以及修辞等目的，用否定句式表达肯定含义，用肯定形式表达否定含义的言不由衷的情况。
在英语中，时常为了达到某种交际的目的而采取一种以否定句式来表达肯定含义的修辞方法，以加强语气或使语气更加委婉含蓄。我们常使用一些特殊的手段来达此目的。
第一，词汇和短语手段。cannot/couldn`t或can/could 1+否定词(not,never,hardly,scarcely,etc) eg: I can`t wait to see him.(=I`m excited 2 to see him.) 。否定词no,not,little,nothing,none,nobody 3,etc) 与but,beyond,except 4,etc)连用eg: Nobody but Peter can do it well.(=Only Peter can do it well.)。
第二，使用一些特殊的句式，否定形式的虚拟语气句eg: If he had 5 not study hard, he could not go to college 6 now.(Thanks to his hard work, he is in college now.)，否定的一般疑问句, eg: Don`t you think we should try again?(=I think we should try again.)或特殊疑问句.eg: There is a lift, but why not use the lift?(=You should use the lift since 7 there is a lift.) 。过去时的no sooner…than否定结构的句子eg: No sooner had she got 8 to Guangzhou, she called me.(=She called me the moment she reached 9 Guangzhou.)。含有not+表瞬间动作的动词+till 10/untill短语或从句.eg: He didn`t come back till 12:00(=He came 11 back at 12:00.)。
与此同时，又有一些肯定的句式表达着否定的含义。我们也借助一些词汇和句型来达此目的。在名词及短语中,常见的有absence不在，stranger 12不熟悉,eg: I am a stranger in this city.(=I am not familiar 13 with this city.);动词及短语有escape逃过，ignore忽略，miss错过,eg: I missed the early bus.(I didn`t catch the early bus.);形容词及短语有last不愿意的，deaf to不听，blind to看不见,eg:He is the last man I want to see.(=I don`t want to see him at all.)，介词及短语except, instead 14 of. eg: I`d like all kinds of food except noodle.(=I don"t like to noodle.);在复合句中包含before引出的状语从句, He left before I got there(=when I got there he wasn`t there.)。
英语中为表达否肯含义的肯否句式精彩纷呈,了解，熟悉并掌握这些表意手段不仅可以帮助我们正确地理解英文，还可以丰富我们的表达手段。以肯表否或以否表肯的语言现象说明：学习语言不仅要注意语句的表层结构(surface structure)，更要研究其深层结构(deep stucture)，即要研究其形式和传达的意义之间的各种不同类型的生成关系，切不可不求甚解，望文生义，将语句误解或错用。
v.能，可能(can的过去式)；aux.v.(can的过去式)能；可以
- Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗？
- I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
adj.激动的；兴奋的
- He was so excited that he could not speak.他太兴奋，连话都说不出来了。
- The excited children forgot to take the presents to the party.孩子们兴奋得忘了把礼物带到聚会上了。
v.除，除外，反对；prep.除了...之外，若不是，除非
- Everybody is here except tom.除了汤姆大家都到了。
- He never came except when he was in trouble. 除非有了困难，他从来不到这里来。
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有
- I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
- The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
n.学院；高等专科学校
- The college drama society is going to put on a play.大学戏剧协会正准备上演一个剧目。
- I was hot on playing basketball when I was in college.我上大学时热衷于打篮球。
adv.后来；conj.既然，因为，自从；prep.自从
- He's been working in a bank since leaving school.自从毕业后，他就一直在一家银行工作。
- I have known him ever since I was a child.我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。
v.(get的过去式)得到，猜到，明白
- I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
- I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。
v.到达( reach的过去式和过去分词 )；联络；伸出手臂，延伸
- An amicable settlement was reached. 已达成和解。
- After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement. 经过一番艰难的讨价还价，我们达成了协议。
conj.直到(...为止)；n.(账台中)放钱的抽屉；prep.直到；pron.直到...为止，直到；vt.耕种
- It was not till 11 o'clock that he came back last night.昨晚直到11点他才回来。
- You can come to my house till all hours.你多晚来我家都没关系。
v.动词come的过去式
- I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里，我很惊奇。
- The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。
n.陌生人；外地人，异乡人
- A stranger walked up to me and asked me the time.一个陌生人走到我跟前，问我时间。
- It's hard for a stranger to make friends in this town.外地人在这个城里很难交朋友。
adj.熟悉的，常见的，亲密的；n.熟友，常客
- I've only just come here.I'm still not familiar with the work.刚到这里，工作很生。
- The man seemed familiar,but I could not quite place him.这人很面熟，但是我记不清在哪儿见过他。
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英语表达