全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类）

第一部分　阅读理解　(75分)
Passage　1
Until　the　twentieth　century　cigarettes　were　not　an　important　threat　(威胁)　to　public　health.　Men　used　tobacco　mainly　in　the　form　of　cigars　(雪茄烟),　chewing　tobacco,　pipe　tobacco(烟草),　and　snuff　(鼻烟).　Most　women　did　not　use　tobacco　at　all.
The　cigarette　industry　began　in　the　1870s　with　the　development　of　the　cigarette　manufacturing　machines.　This　made　it　possible　to　produce　great　numbers　of　cigarettes　very　quickly,　and　it　reduced　the　price.
Today　cigarettes　smoking　is　a　widespread　habit.　About　forty-three　percent　of　the　adult　men　and　thirty-one　percent　of　the　adult　women　in　the　United　States　smoke　cigarettes　regularly.　It　is　encouraging　to　note,　however,　that　millions　of　people　have　given　up　the　smoking　habit.　Seventy-five　percent　of　the　male　population　and　forty-six　percent　of　the　these　men　and　eleven　percent　of　the　women　have　stopped　smoking.　The　number　of　persons　who　have　given　up　smoking　is　increasing.
Men　as　a　group　smoke　more　than　women.　Among　both　men　and　women　the　age　group　with　the　highest　proportion　(比例)　of　smokers 1　is　the　age　group　24-44.
Income,　education,　and　occupation　all　play　a　part　in　determining　a　person's　smoking　habits.　City　people　smoke　more　than　people　living　on　farms.　Well-educated　men　with　high　incomes　are　less　likely　to　smoke　cigarettes　than　men　with　fewer　years　of　schooling 2　and　lower　incomes.　On　the　other　hand　if　a　well-educated　man　with　a　high　income　smokes　as　all,　he　is　likely　to　smoke　more　packs　of　cigarettes　per　day.
The　situation　is　somewhat　different　for　women.　There　are　slightly　more　smokers　among　women　with　higher　family　incomes　and　higher　education　than　among　the　lower　income　and　lower　educational　groups.　These　more　highly　educated　women　tend　to　smoke　more　heavily.
Among　teenagers　(少年)　the　pictures　is　similar.　There　are　fewer　teenager　smokers　from　upper-income,　well-educated　families　and　fewer　from　families　living　in　farm　areas.　High　school　students　who　are　preparing　for　college　are　less　likely　to　smoke　than　those　who　do　not　plan　to　continue　their　education　after　high　school.　Children　are　most　likely　to　start　smoking,　if　one　or　both　of　their　parents　smoke.

1.　Men　use　tobacco　mainly　in　________　forms　in　the　past.
○A.　one
○B.　two
○C.　three
○D.　four

2.　The　cigarette　industry　began　________.
○A.　one　hundred　years　ago
○B.　at　the　turn　of　the　century
○C.　in　the　eighteen　seventies
○D.　in　the　eighteen　century

3.　In　the　United　States　_______　smoke　cigarettes.
○A.　about　forty-three　percent　of　people
○B.　about　thirty-one　percent　of　people
○C.　only　old　people
○D.　about　forty-three　percent　of　the　grown　-　up　men　and　thirty-one　percent　of　the　grown　-up　women

4.　A　man's　smoking　habit　is　partly　determined 3　by　________.
○A.　his　income
○B.　his　education
○C.　his　occupation
○D.　all　of　the　above

5.　Children　_________　to　start　smoking,　if　their　parents　smoke.
○A.　are　most　likely
○B.　are　less　likely
○C.　hate
○D.　do　not　want

Passage　2
Many　of　us　believe　that　a　person's　mind　becomes　less　active　as　he　grows　older.　But　this　is　not　true,　according　to　Dr.　Jarvik,　professor　of　psychiatry 4　(精神病学)　at　the　University　of　California.　She　has　studied　the　mental　functioning　of　aging　persons　for　several　years.　For　example,　one　of　her　studies　concerns　136　pairs　of　identical　twins　(孪生儿),　who　were　first　examined　when　they　were　already　60　years　old.　As　Dr.　Jarvik　continued　the　study　of　the　twins　into　their　70s　and　80s,　their　minds　did　not　generally　decline　as　was　expected.
However,　there　was　some　decline　in　their　psycho-motor　speed.　This　means　that　it　took　them　longer　to　accomplish　mental　tasks　than　it　used　to.　But　when　speed　was　not　a　factor,　they　lost　very　little　intellectual　ability　over　the　years.　In　general,　Dr.　Jarvik's　studies　have　shown　that　there　is　no　decline　in　knowledge　or　reasoning　ability.　This　is　true　not　only　with　those　in　their　30s　and　40s,　but　with　those　in　their　60s　and　70s　as　well.
It　is　true　older　people　themselves　often　complain　that　their　memory　is　not　as　good　as　it　once　was.　However,　much　of　what　we　call　"loss　of　memory"　is　not　that　at　all.　There　was　usually　incomplete　learning　in　the　first　place.　For　example,　the　older　person　perhaps　had　trouble　hearing,　or　poor　vision,　or　inattention,　or　was　trying　to　learn　the　new　thing　at　too　fast　a　pace.　In　the　cases　where　the　older　person's　mind　really　seems　to　become　less　active,　it　is　not　necessarily　a　sign　of　becoming　less　active　due　to　old　age.　Often　it　is　simply　a　sign　of　a　depressed 5　emotional　(压抑的感情)　state.　

6.　According　to　Dr.　Jarvik's　studies,　middle-aged 6　and　older　persons　would　expect　to　__________.
○A.　remember　less
○B.　reason　better
○C.　learn　fewer　new　things
○D.　lose　no　intellectual　ability

7.　Mental　decay　due　to　aging　is　_________.
○A.　common
○B.　much　more　common　than　most　people　believe
○C.　much　less　common　than　most　people　believe
○D.　true　of　those　over　sixty

8.　A　long-term　study　of　136　pairs　of　twins　showed　that　_________.
○A.　they　lost　a　little　ability　to　reason　over　the　years
○B.　they　only　factor　which　decline　over　the　years　was　their　speed　with　which　to　perform　mental　tasks
○C.　their　memory　was　not　as　good　as　it　had　once　been
○D.　their　minds　became　a　bit　more　active　as　they　grew　older

9.　According　to　the　passage,　all　the　following　are　instances　of　"incomplete　learning"　except　_________.
○A.　poor　hearing
○B.　bad　eyesight
○C.　lack　of　attention
○D.　the　attempt　to　learn　too　many　new　things

10.　What　we　call　mental　decay　is　usually　a　sign　of　_________.
○A.　a　low-spirited　state
○B.　a　worsening　state　of　health
○C.　old　age
○D.　nervous　tension
Passage　3
For　hundreds　of　years,　diseases　caused　by　lack　in　nutrition　(营养)　were　known　to　men.　Some　common　nutritional 7　diseases　are　beriberi　(脚气),　and　scurvy 8　(坏血病).　In　the　18th　century,　James　Lind,　a　Scottish　doctor,　discovered　a　cure　beriberi　-　whole　rice.
A　British　scientist　in　1906　showed　that　certain　foods　contain　substances　important　to　the　growth　and　development　of　the　body.　In　time　these　substances　were　called　vitamins,　meaning　essential　to　life.　Today　there　are　13　known　vitamins.　The　human　body　produces　only　three　of　them.
Vitamins　regulate　(调节)　the　way　the　body　changes　food　into　energy　and　living　tissues　(组织).　Each　vitamins　has　a　definite　use　and　the　lack　of　one　vitamin　can　interfere 9　with　the　function　of　another.　The　continued　lack　of　one　vitamin　can　cause　a　vitamin　lack　disease.
The　best　way　for　a　healthy　person　to　get　vitamins　is　to　eat　a　balanced　diet.　Eggs,　milk,　meat,　vegetables,　fruits,　and　whole　-　grain　are　the　most　common　sources　of　the　necessary　variety　of　foods.
Vitamins　help　to　speed　up　certain　chemical　reactions　in　the　body.　These　reactions　are　essential　for　health.　Without　vitamins,　these　reactions　would　occur　very　slowly　or　not　at　all.
Truly　vitamins　have　been　correctly　named　-　essential　to　good　health　and　life.

11.　Men　have　know　about　nutritional　diseases　__________.
○A.　a　long　time
○B.　in　18th　century
○C.　recently
○D.　in　1906

12.　Beriberi　is　a　type　of　_________.
○A.　food
○B.　vitamin
○C.　fruit
○D.　disease

13.　It　takes　scientists　_______　to　know　how　many　vitamins　there　are.
○A.　a　long　time
○B.　a　few　years
○C.　a　short　time
○D.　a　number　of　experiments

14.　Human　body　produces　__________　kinds　of　vitamins.
○A.　all　kinds　of
○B.　five
○C.　thirteen
○D.　three

15.　Eating　_______　is　the　best　way　to　get　vitamins.
○A.　few　things
○B.　vegetables
○C.　fruits
○D.　many　kinds　of　food

第二部分　完成句子　(25分)
根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。
Some　psychologists　(心理学家)　maintain　that　mental　acts　such　as　thinking　are　not　performed　in　the　brain　alone,　but　that　one's　muscles　also　participate　(参加).　It　may　be　said　that　we　think　with　our　muscles　in　somewhat　the　same　way　that　we　listen　to　music　without　bodies.
You　surely　are　not　surprised　to　be　told　that　to　music　not　only　with　your　ears　but　with　your　whole　body.　Few　people　can　listen　to　music　that　is　more　or　less　familiar　without　moving　their　body　or　more　specifically　(具体地),　some　part　of　their　body.　Often　when　one　listens　to　a　concert　on　the　radio,　he　is　tempted 10　to　direct　the　orchestra　(管弦乐队)　even　though　knows　where　to　direct　the　orchestra　even　though　he　knows　there　is　an　able　conductor　on　the　job.
Strange　as　this　behavior　may　be,　there　is　a　very　good　reason　for　it.　One　cannot　derive 11　all　possible　enjoyment 12　form　music　unless　he　participates,　so　to　speak,　in　its　performance.　The　listener　"feels"　himself　into　the　music　with　more　or　less　pronounced　motions　of　his　body.
The　muscles　of　the　body　actually　participate　(参加)　in　the　mental　process　of　thinking　in　the　same　way,　but　this　participation 13　is　less　obvious　because　it　is　less　pronounced.

16.　Some　psychologists　believe　that　thinking　is　performed　not　only　by　one's　brain　but　also　one's　_________.

17.　The　process　of　thinking　and　that　of　listening　are　similar　in　that　muscles　________　in　both　processes.

18.　_________　people　are　able　to　listen　to　familiar　music　without　moving　some　part　of　their　body.

19.　Body　movement　are　necessary　in　order　for　the　listener　to　________　the　music　fully 14.

20.　According　to　the　passage,　muscle　participation　in　the　process　of　thinking　is　not　readily　a_______.

第三部分　阅读理解　(80分)
Passage　1
Most　of　us　lead　unhealthy　lives:　we　spend　far　too　much　time　sitting　down.　If,　in　addition,　we　are　careless　about　our　diets,　our　bodies　soon　become　flabby　(不结实的)　and　systems　sluggish 15　(缺乏活力的).　Then　the　guilt 16　feelings　start:　"　I　must　go　on　a　diet",　"I　must　try　to　lose　weight",　"I　must　get　more　fresh　air　and　exerciser",　"I　must　stop　smoking",　"I　must　try　to　keep　fit."　There　are　some　aspects　of　our　unhealthy　lives　that　we　cannot　avoid.　I　am　thinking　of　such　features　of　modern　urban　life　as　pollution,　noise,　rushed　meals　and　stress.　But　keeping　fit　is　a　way　to　minimise　(减少到最低限度)the　effects　of　these　evils.
The　usual　suggestion　to　a　person　who　is　looking　for　a　way　to　keep　fit　is　to　take　up　some　sport　or　other.　While　it　is　true　that　every　weekend　you　will　find　people　playing　football　and　tennis　in　the　local　park,　they　are　outnumbered　(超过)　a　hundred　to　one　by　the　people　who　are　simply　watching　them.　It　is　an　illusion　to　think　that　you　will　get　fit　by　going　to　watch　the　football　match　every　Saturday,　unless　you　count　the　effort　required　to　fight　your　way　throughout　the　crowds　to　get　to　the　best　seats.
For　those　who　do　not　particularly　enjoy　competitive　(竞争性的)　sports,　it　is　especially　difficult　to　do　so　if　you　are　not　good　at　them.　There　are　such　activities　for　one　person　as　cycling,　walking　and　swimming.　What　often　happens,　though,　is　that　you　do　them　in　such　a　leisurely 17　way,　so　slowly,　that　it　is　doubtful　if　you　are　doing　yourself　much　good,　apart　from　the　fact　that　you　have　at　least　managed　to　get　up　out　of　your　armchair.　Of　course　you　can　be　very　thorough　about　exercise.　Many　sports　shops　now　sell　frightening　pieces　of　apparatus 18,　chest-expanders　and　other　mysterious　gadgets 19　(小装置)　of　shiny　spring　steel,　which,　according　to　the　advertisements,　will　bring　you　up　to　an　Olympic　standard　of　fitness,　provided　that　you　follow　a　regular　programme　of　exercises.　Such　programmes　generally　involve　long　periods　of　time　bending　these　curious　bits　of　metal　into　improbable　shapes.
It　all　strikes　me　as　utterly 20　boring　and　also　time-consuming.　Somebody　suggested　recently　that　all　such　effort　was　pointless　anyway　because　if　you　spend　half　an　hour　every　day　jogging　round　the　local　park,　you　will　add　to　your　life　exactly　the　number　of　hours　that　you　wasted　doing　the　"jogging"　in　the　first　place.　The　argument　is　false　even　if　the　facts　are　correct,　out　there　is　no　doubt　that　exercise　in　itself　can　be　boring.
Even　after　you　have　found　a　routine　for　keeping　in　shape,　through　sport　or　gymnastics,　you　are　still　only　half　way　to　good　health,　because,　according　to　the　experts,　you　must　also　master　the　art　of　complete　mental　and　physical　relaxation 21.　Now,　this　does　not　mean　sleeping　in　the　armchair　of　going　dancing　(which　is　a　good　form　of　exercise　in　itself).　It　has　something　to　do　with　deep　breathing,　emptying　your　mind　of　all　thoughts,　worries　and　so　on.

21.　If　you　want　to　keep　fit,　you　should　__________.
○A.　go　in　for　not　only　competitive　sports,　but　also　solitary 22　ones
○B.　go　in　for　not　only　sports,　but　also　enjoy　your　relaxation
○C.　not　put　on　too　much　weight
○D.　not　spend　long　hours　sitting　in　your　armchair

22.　The　latter　part　of　the　last　sentence　of　Para.　2　("…　unless　you　count　the　effort…　get　to　the　best　seats.")　suggests　that　the　author　thinks　that　________.
○A.　fighting　your　way　through　crowds　is　a　good　exercise
○B.　best　seats　are　difficult　to　secure
○C.　being　a　spectator　is　not　a　way　to　keep　fit
○D.　getting　through　crowds　is　not　an　easy　job