异类之不一样的成功启示录 第136期:飞机失事的原因

 　　Ratwatte continued, "All the guy had to do was tell the controller, 'we don't have fuel to comply with what you're trying to do.'

　　他继续说："所有飞行员必须同空管员讲明，我们没有足够的燃油可以支持我们飞达指定机场。"
　　All they had to do was say, 'We can't do that. We have to land in the next ten minutes.'They weren't able to put that across to the controller"
　　他们必须去说清楚‘我们无法达成你给的指令，我们必须在十分钟内着陆。'他们没有同空管员表达清楚。"
　　It was clear that Ratwatte was speaking carefully, because he was making the kind of cultural generalization 1 that often leaves us uncomfortable.
　　很显然怀特瓦特在叙述时很谨慎，因为他所提到的文化差别经常会让大家很不舒服。
　　But what happened with Avianca was just so strange-so inexplicable-
　　但发生在阿维安卡的事故非常离奇——这起事故的原因远远无法用表面现象解释清楚——
　　that it demanded a more complete explanation than simply that Klotz was incompetent 2 and the captain was tired.
　　这绝不只是克鲁兹失职和机长疲惫这么简单，整件事的背后有着更加复杂的原因。
　　There was something more profound- more structural- going on in that cockpit.
　　在事故发生的过程中，驾驶舱内一定发生了重要的事情。
　　What if there was something about the pilots' being Columbian that led to that crash?
　　是否可以说，由于飞行员是位哥伦比亚人，所以导致了飞机失事？
　　"Look, no American pilot would put up with that. That's the thing," Ratwatte said.
　　"看，因为美国飞行员不会容忍这一切发生，这是问题所在。"
　　"They would just say, 'Listen, buddy 3. I have to land.'"
　　怀特瓦特继续说道，"他们会说，听着，哥们儿，我必须着陆"。
　　In the 1960s and 1970s, the Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede was working for the human resources department of IBM's European headquarters.
　　1960年到1970年间，荷兰的心理学家吉特·霍夫斯泰德一直在IBM欧洲总部的人力资源部门工作。
　　Hofstede's job was to travel the globe, interviewing employees, asking questions about things like
　　他的工作主要是到世界各地去走访当地的雇员，随之提出一些问题。
　　how people solve problems and how they work together and what their attitudes were to authority.
　　例如，人们解决问题的方式、团队工作的方式、雇员对权威的态度，
　　The questionnaires were long and involved,
　　问卷很长而且非常详细。
　　and over time Hofstede was able to develop an enormous database for analyzing 4 the ways in which cultures differ from one another.
　　经过一段很长的时间，霍夫斯泰德建立起一个庞大的数据库，用来分析文化之间的不同。
　　Today, "Hofstede's Dimensions" are one of the most widely used paradigms 5 in crosscultural psychology 6.
　　今天"霍夫斯泰德维度"已经被广泛地应用于跨文化心理学研究中。
　　Hofstede argued, for example, the cultures can be usefully distinguished 7 according to how much they expect individuals to look after themselves.
　　霍夫斯泰德提出，根据个人关心自我、看重自我的程度就可以有效地区分出文化的不同。
　　He called that the "individualism collectivism scale."
　　他把这种衡量方法称为"个人主义和集体主义范畴"。
　　The country that scores the highest on the individualism end of that scale is United States.
　　如在国家之间进行比较，那么美国的个人主义倾向性最高，
　　Not surprisingly, the United States is also the only industrialized country in the world that does not provide its citizens with universal healthcare.
　　毫无疑问，美国也是世界上唯一一个不给公民提供全程医疗保险的工业国家。
　　At the opposite end of that scale is Guatemala.
　　个人主义倾向性最低的国家是危地马拉。