英语PK台 第622期:2017四六级考前冲刺 阅读提分大法(5)

 长篇阅读题型介绍

自2013年12月起，原快速阅读调整为长篇阅读。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落则可能不对应任何一题。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived 1. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
阅读分项讲解——真题解析
“三剑合一大法来了”
1.解题技巧：要不要通篇精读？
不要。这个题型的前身就是快速阅读(2013年12月以前的旧题型)，阅读量巨大但作答时间只有15分钟。等你一字一句读完，再看10道题，然后再回到文章中逐一锁定答案，等你做完了，别人常规阅读第一篇都做完了。所以，一定要提醒自己，没有时间通篇精读。
2.解题技巧：应该精读哪些地方？
试题特点决定我们必须精读两处：
第一，10个问题(题干)，必须理解得很透彻;
第二，根据题干关键字定位到原文的地方，必须仔细阅读。因为“消化”了锁定的句子，基本就可以确定答案了(或者排除答案)，本段其余部分就可以略读甚至不读了。
因此，做这个题型时，不要通篇精读，只需要局部精读。
解题三大步骤
第一步：认真吃透题干，并找出题目涉及的主要信息以及关键词
第二步：回文定位，按顺序略读原文。根据题干中的关键词，迅速在文章中找出与题干信息相关的内容。
第三步：分析定位点(句)。一旦发现与题干关键字“有交集”的内容，立即在段落中画出，然后综合题干信息判断其是否为对应段落。
真题练手+名师讲解
2014年6月试题
I Cry, Therefore I Am
我哭故我在
解题步骤 1
十个题干按方法划出关键词：
1.主语，宾语
2.数字，人名，地名
3.宾语从句，重点信息向后转移
4.每段句首句尾务必详细阅读
谁，干嘛了，怎么样？
十个题干：
46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.
如今，人们比以往更加尊重哀伤的隐私。
47. Infants cry to attract attention for survival.
婴儿通过哭泣来吸引生存所需的关注。
48. There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.
还没有科学证据能够表明动物可以流下饱含感情的泪水。
49. Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.
泪水能够完成某些语言所无法完成的交际功能。
50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.
我们体验同情的能力对文明的发展至关重要。
51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor 2 forms of depression.
人们遭受小挫折时，更容易哭泣。
52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.
有时，虽然十分伤心，人们却哭不出来。
53. In humans' long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.
在人类历史的长河中，
泪水已经发展成为社会关系中必不可少的角色。
54. Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.
男性不太愿意解释他们哭泣的原因。
55. Crying has long been associated with art.
长久以来，哭泣都与艺术有所关联。
解题步骤 2
第二步：回文定位，按顺序略读原文。根据题干中的关键词，迅速在文章中找出与题干信息相关的内容。
A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla 3 (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (伤心欲绝的), attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying. The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations by biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas 4, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees （黑猩猩）, could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion.
A）2008年，在德国的一个动物园，一只名为加纳的大猩猩生下了一只雄性小猩猩。三个月后，小猩猩夭折了。加纳遭受打击、伤心欲绝的照片吸引了很多人到动物园来。尽管场面十分伤感，但加纳并没有哭，哭泣的只有人类。（48） 动物能够哭泣的观点没有任何科学依据。生物学家迪安·弗塞多年对大猩猩的观察和简·古道尔对黑猩猩的长期研究都无法证明动物能够流下饱含感情的泪水。
【思路】立即发现红体字部分对应题干48多个关键词：
There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.
还没有科学证据能够表明动物可以流下饱含感情的泪水。
B) It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain. Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist. But crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.
B）的确，很多动物都会流泪，尤其是感到疼痛时。泪水可以保持眼部滋润，以保护眼睛。但是，将哭泣作为表达情感的方式是人类独有的，它在人类进化和人类文化发展方面起着至关重要的作用。
【思路】此段略读大意，发现并没有十个题干中的任何对应信息，继续往下读。
C) Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationship between the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search for comfort and pacification 5 (抚慰). As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation.
C）出生两天之内的婴儿就能模仿悲伤和快乐的面部表情。（47） 如果婴儿不能放声大哭，它就很有可能得不到生存所必需的关注。大约3到4个月大的时候，人类婴儿和环境之间呈现出更有组织的互动，而饱含泪水的哭泣开始起到交际的作用：寻求舒适和抚慰。随着年龄的增长，哭泣成为社会交往的工具：表达悲伤和喜悦、羞耻和骄傲、恐惧和操控。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干47多个关键词：
Infants cry to attract attention for survival.
婴儿通过哭泣来吸引生存所需的关注。
同时判断，本段已出现一道选题，余下内容可不读，直接跳入下一段。
D) Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry, we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination (歧视) and even violence, might have more to cry about.
D）眼泪和笑声一样普遍，而悲伤比快乐更加复杂。不过，虽然我们都会哭泣，但我们哭泣的方式却各不相同。女性比男性哭泣的频率更高，也更加强烈，尤其是碰到感情问题的时候。与哭泣一样，在全世界范围内，抑郁症在女性人群中比在男性人群中更常见。其中一种解释可能是，虽然在过去几十年中，女性的社会地位有了很大提高，但她们仍然遭受着经济不平等、歧视甚至暴力，这可能使得女性更有理由哭泣。
Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religious experience. They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities—as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters—are questioned.
（54）男性不仅哭泣的时间比女性短，也更不愿意解释自己哭泣的原因，他们通常都是默默地流泪，而且在公开场合哭泣时，表达歉意的频率也更高。与女性一样，男性也表示会在心爱的人去世时或是感人的宗教事件中哭泣。与女性相比，男性更有可能在自己的核心身份——作为家庭支柱和保护者以及作为父亲和战士——受到质疑时哭泣。
【思路】红字体部分对应54题关键词：
54. Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.
男性不太愿意解释他们哭泣的原因。
E) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid 6 or have more self control. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma 7 (创伤), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness—which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy.
E）在性格测试中显得比较有同情心的人比那些比较坚强或是比较有自控能力的人更加爱哭。哭泣的频率也有很大差别：有些人看什么小说或电影都会哭，而其他人一生当中哭泣的次数十分有限。家庭中的压力和冲突或是情感创伤所引起的哭泣比日常的伤心事所造成的哭泣持续的时间要长得多——相应地，它比喜悦和快乐所引起的哭泣持续的时间要长。
【思路】略读此段，发现并无题干对应关键词，于是跳过，继续往下阅读。
F) Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.
F）一提到哭泣，我们首先联想到的是悲伤，但事实是，人们说哭泣过后他们感到更快乐。据调查，预估有85％的女性和73％的男性称流过泪后感觉好多了。（51）出人意料的是，比起会产生自杀想法的严重抑郁，哭泣通常与一些小挫折的关联更大。
【思路】红字体部分对应51题关键词：
51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.
人们遭受小挫折时，更容易哭泣。
G) People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides "catharsis," a washing out of bad feelings. The term "catharsis" has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears.
G）人们普遍声称，哭泣可以缓解紧张，平衡情绪，并提供“宣泄”，即将不良情绪发泄出来。“宣泄”一词有消除邪恶和罪恶的宗教含义；世界各地的宗教仪式是释放泪水的主要场合之一也就毫不奇怪了。
【思路】略读此段，发现并无题干对应关键词，于是跳过，继续往下阅读。
H) Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears—sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone. Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse 8 or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential.
H）（52）几乎在任何地方，哭泣都是悲伤的表现。但是，也有哀悼者说，虽然他们真的十分伤心，却怎么也哭不出来——有时甚至在心爱的人去世多年以后依然如此。（46）不像对哀伤的隐私更加尊重的今天，过去在公共场合或某些仪式上流下泪水、在配偶的墓前或是国王或王后的葬礼上痛哭，曾经被认为具有重要的社会意义甚至政治意义。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干52多个关键词：
52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.
有时，虽然十分伤心，人们却哭不出来。
同时继续阅读，发现还有对应题干关键词部分，即46题：
46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.
如今，人们比以往更加尊重哀伤的隐私。
I) Crying has also served other social purposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions 9 that while he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing.
I）哭泣还有其他的社会功能。卢梭在他的《忏悔录》中写道，虽然他认为泪水是表达爱最有力的方式，但他也很喜欢毫无理由的哭泣。
【思路】略读此段，发现并无题干对应关键词，于是跳过，继续往下阅读。
J) The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century B.C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure.
J）（55）泪水与艺术之间的关联有很深的根源。公元前五世纪的经典的希腊悲剧主要是对神的颂扬。与诗歌和音乐一样，悲剧也在演绎宗教事件。即使在当时，人们也已经认识到戏剧所带来的哭泣会让人感到愉悦。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干55多个关键词：
55. Crying has long been associated with art.
长久以来，哭泣都与艺术有所关联。
K) I have argued that there are neurobiological (神经生物方面的) associations linking the arts and mood disorders 10. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture.
K） 我一直认为是神经生物方面的联系关联着艺术和情绪紊乱。我在进行关于哭泣的讲座时，曾请听众通过举手的方式告诉我哪一种艺术形式最能让他们感动得流泪。大约80％的人说是音乐，紧随其后的是小说（74％），但其他艺术形式的比例大幅下滑，诗歌为43％，而绘画、雕塑和建筑则在10%至22％之间。
【思路】略读此段，发现并无题干对应关键词，于是跳过，继续往下阅读。
L) The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep. This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary 11 perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival.
L）哭泣时，身体上最主要的行为就是吸气，这也是为什么我们哭泣时会哽咽。（49）这使得语言科学家们认为，充满感情的哭泣在语言之前得到进化，这也许可以解释为什么当语言难以表达时，泪水却往往可以沟通思想状态和感受。当然，从进化的角度来看，识别情绪（通常通过面部表情）是生存所必需的。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干49多个关键词：
49. Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.
泪水能够完成某些语言所无法完成的交际功能。
M) The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate (润滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding. The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego 12; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the ability to feel others' sadness—all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human.
M）（53）早在几百万年前，人类就已经存在，而直到15万至20万年前，才出现了文化、语言、宗教和艺术。在此期间，泪水已远远不仅是润滑眼睛的生理需要，而已经发展成为强烈感情的标志和社会关系的信号。自我意识的发展和个人身份或自我概念的形成；关于世界起源的传说、人性的创造和死亡后的生命；以及感受他人忧伤的能力——所有这一切都是使我们成为人类的神经生物方面的变化的至关重要的组成部分。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干53多个关键词：
53. In humans' long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.
在人类历史的长河中，泪水已经发展成为社会关系中必不可少的角色。
N) More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits (回路) are activated 13 (激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress 14. In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics 15 based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob 16 on a friend's shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry. Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.
N）最近，我们已经从神经科学领域获知，当我们看到别人情绪低落时，不知不觉中，大脑中的某些回路会被快速激活。（50）总之，我们的大脑中已经进化出了让我们体验到同情的回路，反过来使文明和基于同情的伦理成为可能。因此，下一次你伸手从纸巾盒中取出抽纸、或是在朋友的肩膀上抽泣、又或者看电影流泪时，停下来反思一下我们为什么哭，而哭泣又意味着什么。因为最终，我们不仅是因为本能爱哭爱流泪，更是为了学习同理心之爱而流泪。
【思路】立即发现红字体部分对应了题干50多个关键词：
50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.
我们体验同情的能力对文明的发展至关重要。