Fundamentalist
英语课
NB: Please note this is not a word for word transcript 1 of the audio programme
Abigail:The term Fundamentalist（基本教义派）has been discussed a lot in recent years and you will probably have heard it in connection with terror attacks and it seems to be linked with Islam rather than other religions. We’ll find out why those connections have been made - and whether they're fair - later on.
But first what is a ‘fundamentalist’? For the answer I went to Ben Cohen, a radio producer who’s been making religious programmes for the last ten years.
Clip Ben Cohen
The word fundamentalist dates back 100 years - a group of Christians 3 in America felt modern ideas were edging out key beliefs, fundamentals in Christianity - they produced a series of booklets called ‘the Fundamentals’ - things like the resurrection（转世重生）, also bible being absolutely true - completely without error. So originally fundamentalist meant somebody believing what they thought were fundamentals of religion. I think it's moved on from there. The thing with the word is, people all use it differently - it can be used as a term of abuse. If somebody is very religious and very intolerant （不宽容的，偏狭的）of somebody who doesn’t believe the same thing as them, they can be called fundamentalist - it’s a term of abuse.
Ben: Some of the important things are that they hold to traditional ideas over modern ones. They believe that the bible is accurate （准确的，精确的）in everything it says so if the bible says that earth is 6,000 years old and Adam and Eve were real people - if they find science challenging that, they’ll hold to the bible and say science is wrong. In the same way - if man is head of household, not wife, then they’ll hold to that rather than modern ideas of equality.
Abigail: I’d like to come to the word secular 4. Can that be considered as a kind of opposite? Or is that modern?
Ben: […] I don’t think one word is the opposite of fundamentalist but the modern world, the secular world that looks at other ideas like science, changing opinions - those are the things that make people define themselves as fundamentalists. Because they have ideas that are challenging them, fundamentalism is a reaction against ideas like science and secular ideas.
Abigail: These days we're likely to hear the word fundamentalist attached to Islam - how did that happen?
Ben: I think a lot of fundamentals that are true for Christians are true for believers of other religions. You have a set of holy traditions, maybe holy books, and you hold to those very passionately 5（热烈的） - so with Islamm, an Islamic fundamentalist […] In Islam they would think that the holy Koran cant 6 be contradicted by modern thinking.
Abigail:We’ve heard how ‘fundamentalism’ began with a group of American Christians around 100 years ago, as a direct challenge to secular -
non-religious - ways of thinking.
But that battle between fundamentalism and secularism 7（世俗主义） is still going on - and as recent news reports have shown - it’s going on right at the heart of the Anglican Church:
Clip News Report on the Anglican row
Few would want to be in the Archbishop of Canterbury’s shoes as he attempts to hold together a communion at war with itself over the issue of homosexuality. […] The crisis was sparked（闪烁，闪光） in North America. In August the governing body of the American Church confirmed the election of Gene 9 Robinson as the Bishop 8 of New Hampshire […]
Abigail:Gene Robinson was recently elected as Anglican Bishop of New Hampshire In the United States. But Gene Robinson is an openly gay man, who lives with his male partner. This has caused problems in the Anglican Church between people who support the inclusion of gay men and women in the church and those who do not.
How can there be a row between fundamentalists and modernisers within a religious organisation 10? Producer of religious programmes Ben Cohen explains:
Clip Ben Cohen
That’s a good example of fundamentalism versus（对抗，相对比）modern secular thinking because on one hand there's a group of Christians say the bible seems to say God isn't happy with homosexuality, on the other hand there's a group of Christians who say bible is inspired by God, but we need to look at it in fresh light with new knowledge we have about homosexuality. A fundamentalist would say the bible has last word on this, and it had last word when it was written 2,000 years ago or whenever that bit was written.
Abigail:So fundamentalists are not only fighting against secularism - against a lack of religion. They’re also in opposition 11 to religious modernisers, people who believe that religion can be re-thought, can adapt to modern life.
But in recent years the word fundamentalist seems to have become strongly associated with Islam - and with terrorism - with for example the attack on the World Trade Centre or the bombing in Bali.
Now that the word fundamentalist is so often used to link Islam with violence and intolerance, I asked Ben Cohen whether he would ever use the word himself:
Clip Ben Cohen
I would be careful because every person uses it differently, and it can mean slightly different things depending on whether you’re a Hindu or a Christian 2 and remember, you can be a fundamentalist and not have extreme or intolerant opinions.
Abigail: Why do I feel that the word is linked with terrorism - is this something to do with Al Q'aeda, bombings in Bali, what’s happened recently in Turkey?
Ben: Yes, the word fundamentalist has been used so much in connection with terrorist attacks
-not true of only Islam. You have to remember that not all fundamentalists would go to the extremes of bombing - they're just people who happen to hold very traditional opinions, but are peaceful. But it has been connected with the Islamic group Al Q'aeda. And that’s fair enough because one of the things Al Q'aeda feels strongly about is that the Koran has made a set of laws and they feel the west is bringing in secular fashions that are watering down Islam. That is a very fundamentalist idea - that purity（纯度） of teaching is being spoilt, and that is one thing that is motivating Al Q'aeda in these attacks.
Ben: Not knocking the BBC because I do think they try very hard. But often I do hear the term fundamentalism or extremist kicked about in a way that suggests to me that they're using them lazily. Certainly in the West - religion is less and less an important part of people's lives so there is this feeling that somebody can be looking at something very complicated from the outside and not stepping into the shoes of somebody who believes something very passionately, and it is hard to think yourself into mindset(意向，精神状态) of somebody from a very different culture for whom religion is vastly more important than somebody who is a journalist in, say, London or Paris.
Abigail: Looking at the word fundamentalism - how does that misunderstanding affect the language they might use?
Ben: The word fundamentalism is so complicated and can sometimes end up being used as a dirty word - it’s a short hand for saying they take their religion far too seriously, they're extremists, they quite possibly have a bomb in their bag and that can be unfair on people who have very devout 12 religious beliefs but wouldn't harm a fly.
But it is still a word which can be used accurately 13 to describe many people round the world who believe that society should operate according to traditional religious teachings.
And we’ve heard how in opposition to fundamentalists are modernisers and secular thinkers - people who believe morality can change, be re-thought. Ben Cohen explains:
Clip Ben Cohen
The situation in Iran is incredibly complicated. But I do think it comes down to this question of fundamentalism again. Because one thing fundamentalists do feel quite strongly about is that their teachings aren't just true for them - they're true for everybody. […] A lot of people believe that the country should be governed jointly 14 by religious leaders, to impose if you like holy living, Islamic living on the whole country. […] At the moment you have a government where Islamic teachers play the key role and some people aren't happy with the amount of power they exert（发挥） and they feel they should have more freedom to vote for who they like about how they lead their life and they feel too much is being imposed by the religious nature of government at the moment. (本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑)
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收听单词发音
1
transcript
n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书
参考例句：
A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.一份录音带的文字本作为证据被呈交法庭。
They wouldn't let me have a transcript of the interview.他们拒绝给我一份采访的文字整理稿。
2
Christian
adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒
参考例句：
They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
3
Christians
n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Christians of all denominations attended the conference. 基督教所有教派的人都出席了这次会议。
His novel about Jesus caused a furore among Christians. 他关于耶稣的小说激起了基督教徒的公愤。
4
secular
n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的
参考例句：
We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
5
passionately
ad.热烈地，激烈地
参考例句：
She could hate as passionately as she could love. 她能恨得咬牙切齿，也能爱得一往情深。
He was passionately addicted to pop music. 他酷爱流行音乐。
6
cant
n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔
参考例句：
The ship took on a dangerous cant to port.船只出现向左舷危险倾斜。
He knows thieves'cant.他懂盗贼的黑话。
7
secularism
n.现世主义；世俗主义；宗教与教育分离论；政教分离论
参考例句：
Unless are devoted to God, secularism shall not leave us. 除非我们奉献于神，否则凡俗之心便不会离开我们。 来自互联网
They are no longer a huge threat to secularism. 他们已不再是民主的巨大威胁。 来自互联网
8
bishop
n.主教，（国际象棋）象
参考例句：
He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。
9
gene
n.遗传因子，基因
参考例句：
A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
10
organisation
n.组织，安排，团体，有机休
参考例句：
The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。
11
opposition
n.反对，敌对
参考例句：
The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
12
devout
adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness)
参考例句：
His devout Catholicism appeals to ordinary people.他对天主教的虔诚信仰感染了普通民众。
The devout man prayed daily.那位虔诚的男士每天都祈祷。
13
accurately
adv.准确地，精确地
参考例句：
It is hard to hit the ball accurately.准确地击中球很难。
Now scientists can forecast the weather accurately.现在科学家们能准确地预报天气。
14
jointly
ad.联合地，共同地
参考例句：
Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
Abigail:The term Fundamentalist（基本教义派）has been discussed a lot in recent years and you will probably have heard it in connection with terror attacks and it seems to be linked with Islam rather than other religions. We’ll find out why those connections have been made - and whether they're fair - later on.
But first what is a ‘fundamentalist’? For the answer I went to Ben Cohen, a radio producer who’s been making religious programmes for the last ten years.
Clip Ben Cohen
The word fundamentalist dates back 100 years - a group of Christians 3 in America felt modern ideas were edging out key beliefs, fundamentals in Christianity - they produced a series of booklets called ‘the Fundamentals’ - things like the resurrection（转世重生）, also bible being absolutely true - completely without error. So originally fundamentalist meant somebody believing what they thought were fundamentals of religion. I think it's moved on from there. The thing with the word is, people all use it differently - it can be used as a term of abuse. If somebody is very religious and very intolerant （不宽容的，偏狭的）of somebody who doesn’t believe the same thing as them, they can be called fundamentalist - it’s a term of abuse.
Ben: Some of the important things are that they hold to traditional ideas over modern ones. They believe that the bible is accurate （准确的，精确的）in everything it says so if the bible says that earth is 6,000 years old and Adam and Eve were real people - if they find science challenging that, they’ll hold to the bible and say science is wrong. In the same way - if man is head of household, not wife, then they’ll hold to that rather than modern ideas of equality.
Abigail: I’d like to come to the word secular 4. Can that be considered as a kind of opposite? Or is that modern?
Ben: […] I don’t think one word is the opposite of fundamentalist but the modern world, the secular world that looks at other ideas like science, changing opinions - those are the things that make people define themselves as fundamentalists. Because they have ideas that are challenging them, fundamentalism is a reaction against ideas like science and secular ideas.
Abigail: These days we're likely to hear the word fundamentalist attached to Islam - how did that happen?
Ben: I think a lot of fundamentals that are true for Christians are true for believers of other religions. You have a set of holy traditions, maybe holy books, and you hold to those very passionately 5（热烈的） - so with Islamm, an Islamic fundamentalist […] In Islam they would think that the holy Koran cant 6 be contradicted by modern thinking.
Abigail:We’ve heard how ‘fundamentalism’ began with a group of American Christians around 100 years ago, as a direct challenge to secular -
non-religious - ways of thinking.
But that battle between fundamentalism and secularism 7（世俗主义） is still going on - and as recent news reports have shown - it’s going on right at the heart of the Anglican Church:
Clip News Report on the Anglican row
Few would want to be in the Archbishop of Canterbury’s shoes as he attempts to hold together a communion at war with itself over the issue of homosexuality. […] The crisis was sparked（闪烁，闪光） in North America. In August the governing body of the American Church confirmed the election of Gene 9 Robinson as the Bishop 8 of New Hampshire […]
Abigail:Gene Robinson was recently elected as Anglican Bishop of New Hampshire In the United States. But Gene Robinson is an openly gay man, who lives with his male partner. This has caused problems in the Anglican Church between people who support the inclusion of gay men and women in the church and those who do not.
How can there be a row between fundamentalists and modernisers within a religious organisation 10? Producer of religious programmes Ben Cohen explains:
Clip Ben Cohen
That’s a good example of fundamentalism versus（对抗，相对比）modern secular thinking because on one hand there's a group of Christians say the bible seems to say God isn't happy with homosexuality, on the other hand there's a group of Christians who say bible is inspired by God, but we need to look at it in fresh light with new knowledge we have about homosexuality. A fundamentalist would say the bible has last word on this, and it had last word when it was written 2,000 years ago or whenever that bit was written.
Abigail:So fundamentalists are not only fighting against secularism - against a lack of religion. They’re also in opposition 11 to religious modernisers, people who believe that religion can be re-thought, can adapt to modern life.
But in recent years the word fundamentalist seems to have become strongly associated with Islam - and with terrorism - with for example the attack on the World Trade Centre or the bombing in Bali.
Now that the word fundamentalist is so often used to link Islam with violence and intolerance, I asked Ben Cohen whether he would ever use the word himself:
Clip Ben Cohen
I would be careful because every person uses it differently, and it can mean slightly different things depending on whether you’re a Hindu or a Christian 2 and remember, you can be a fundamentalist and not have extreme or intolerant opinions.
Abigail: Why do I feel that the word is linked with terrorism - is this something to do with Al Q'aeda, bombings in Bali, what’s happened recently in Turkey?
Ben: Yes, the word fundamentalist has been used so much in connection with terrorist attacks
-not true of only Islam. You have to remember that not all fundamentalists would go to the extremes of bombing - they're just people who happen to hold very traditional opinions, but are peaceful. But it has been connected with the Islamic group Al Q'aeda. And that’s fair enough because one of the things Al Q'aeda feels strongly about is that the Koran has made a set of laws and they feel the west is bringing in secular fashions that are watering down Islam. That is a very fundamentalist idea - that purity（纯度） of teaching is being spoilt, and that is one thing that is motivating Al Q'aeda in these attacks.
Ben: Not knocking the BBC because I do think they try very hard. But often I do hear the term fundamentalism or extremist kicked about in a way that suggests to me that they're using them lazily. Certainly in the West - religion is less and less an important part of people's lives so there is this feeling that somebody can be looking at something very complicated from the outside and not stepping into the shoes of somebody who believes something very passionately, and it is hard to think yourself into mindset(意向，精神状态) of somebody from a very different culture for whom religion is vastly more important than somebody who is a journalist in, say, London or Paris.
Abigail: Looking at the word fundamentalism - how does that misunderstanding affect the language they might use?
Ben: The word fundamentalism is so complicated and can sometimes end up being used as a dirty word - it’s a short hand for saying they take their religion far too seriously, they're extremists, they quite possibly have a bomb in their bag and that can be unfair on people who have very devout 12 religious beliefs but wouldn't harm a fly.
But it is still a word which can be used accurately 13 to describe many people round the world who believe that society should operate according to traditional religious teachings.
And we’ve heard how in opposition to fundamentalists are modernisers and secular thinkers - people who believe morality can change, be re-thought. Ben Cohen explains:
Clip Ben Cohen
The situation in Iran is incredibly complicated. But I do think it comes down to this question of fundamentalism again. Because one thing fundamentalists do feel quite strongly about is that their teachings aren't just true for them - they're true for everybody. […] A lot of people believe that the country should be governed jointly 14 by religious leaders, to impose if you like holy living, Islamic living on the whole country. […] At the moment you have a government where Islamic teachers play the key role and some people aren't happy with the amount of power they exert（发挥） and they feel they should have more freedom to vote for who they like about how they lead their life and they feel too much is being imposed by the religious nature of government at the moment. (本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑)
点击
收听单词发音 1
transcript
n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书
参考例句：
A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.一份录音带的文字本作为证据被呈交法庭。
They wouldn't let me have a transcript of the interview.他们拒绝给我一份采访的文字整理稿。
2
Christian
adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒
参考例句：
They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
3
Christians
n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Christians of all denominations attended the conference. 基督教所有教派的人都出席了这次会议。
His novel about Jesus caused a furore among Christians. 他关于耶稣的小说激起了基督教徒的公愤。
4
secular
n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的
参考例句：
We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
5
passionately
ad.热烈地，激烈地
参考例句：
She could hate as passionately as she could love. 她能恨得咬牙切齿，也能爱得一往情深。
He was passionately addicted to pop music. 他酷爱流行音乐。
6
cant
n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔
参考例句：
The ship took on a dangerous cant to port.船只出现向左舷危险倾斜。
He knows thieves'cant.他懂盗贼的黑话。
7
secularism
n.现世主义；世俗主义；宗教与教育分离论；政教分离论
参考例句：
Unless are devoted to God, secularism shall not leave us. 除非我们奉献于神，否则凡俗之心便不会离开我们。 来自互联网
They are no longer a huge threat to secularism. 他们已不再是民主的巨大威胁。 来自互联网
8
bishop
n.主教，（国际象棋）象
参考例句：
He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。
9
gene
n.遗传因子，基因
参考例句：
A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
10
organisation
n.组织，安排，团体，有机休
参考例句：
The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。
11
opposition
n.反对，敌对
参考例句：
The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
12
devout
adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness)
参考例句：
His devout Catholicism appeals to ordinary people.他对天主教的虔诚信仰感染了普通民众。
The devout man prayed daily.那位虔诚的男士每天都祈祷。
13
accurately
adv.准确地，精确地
参考例句：
It is hard to hit the ball accurately.准确地击中球很难。
Now scientists can forecast the weather accurately.现在科学家们能准确地预报天气。
14
jointly
ad.联合地，共同地
参考例句：
Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书
- A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.一份录音带的文字本作为证据被呈交法庭。
- They wouldn't let me have a transcript of the interview.他们拒绝给我一份采访的文字整理稿。
adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒
- They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
- His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 )
- Christians of all denominations attended the conference. 基督教所有教派的人都出席了这次会议。
- His novel about Jesus caused a furore among Christians. 他关于耶稣的小说激起了基督教徒的公愤。
n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的
- We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
- Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
ad.热烈地，激烈地
- She could hate as passionately as she could love. 她能恨得咬牙切齿，也能爱得一往情深。
- He was passionately addicted to pop music. 他酷爱流行音乐。
n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔
- The ship took on a dangerous cant to port.船只出现向左舷危险倾斜。
- He knows thieves'cant.他懂盗贼的黑话。
n.现世主义；世俗主义；宗教与教育分离论；政教分离论
- Unless are devoted to God, secularism shall not leave us. 除非我们奉献于神，否则凡俗之心便不会离开我们。 来自互联网
- They are no longer a huge threat to secularism. 他们已不再是民主的巨大威胁。 来自互联网
n.主教，（国际象棋）象
- He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
- Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。
n.遗传因子，基因
- A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
- The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
n.组织，安排，团体，有机休
- The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
- His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。
n.反对，敌对
- The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
- The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness)
- His devout Catholicism appeals to ordinary people.他对天主教的虔诚信仰感染了普通民众。
- The devout man prayed daily.那位虔诚的男士每天都祈祷。
adv.准确地，精确地
- It is hard to hit the ball accurately.准确地击中球很难。
- Now scientists can forecast the weather accurately.现在科学家们能准确地预报天气。
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英语讨论
Fundamentalist