英语语法：114 Abbreviations, Acronyms

Grammar Girl here.

Today's topic is the difference between abbreviations, acronyms 2, and initialisms. It's kind of an extension of the last episode, because I want to clarify the difference between abbreviations and acronyms.

Any shortened form of a word is an abbreviation, for example, etc. for etcetera and Oct. for October; but acronyms are special kinds of abbreviations, such as ROFL (rolling on the floor laughing) and OPEC (Organization of Petroleum 3 Exporting Countries), that can be pronounced as words. This makes them a subset of abbreviations. All acronyms are abbreviations, but not all abbreviations are acronyms.

Initialisms are another type of abbreviation. They are often confused with acronyms because they are made up of letters, so they look similar, but they can't be pronounced as words. FBI and CIA are examples of initialisms because they're made up of the first letters of Federal Bureau of Investigation 4 and Central Intelligence Agency, respectively, but they can't be pronounced as words. NASA, on the other hand, is an acronym 1 because even though it is also made up of the first letters of the department name (National Aeronautics 5 and Space Administration), it is pronounced as a word, NASA, and not by spelling out the letters N, A, S, A.

So remember:

Initialisms are made from the first letter (or letters) of a string of words, but can't be pronounced as words themselves. Examples include FBI, CIA, FYI (for your information), and PR (public relations).

Acronyms are made from the first letter (or letters) of a string of words but are pronounced as if they were words themselves. Examples include NASA, NIMBY (not in my backyard), and hazmat* (hazardous 6 materials).

Abbreviations are any shortened form of a word.

Finally, there's no strict rule about putting periods after each letter in an acronym or initialism. Some publications put periods after each letter, arguing that because each letter is essentially 7 an abbreviation for a word, periods are necessary. Other publications don't put periods after each letter, arguing that the copy looks cleaner without them, and that because they are made up of all capital letters, the fact that they are abbreviations is implied.

That's all. As always, this is Grammar Girl, striving to be your friendly guide in the writing world. Remember, if you'd like me to produce more episodes each week and on a regular schedule, you can help by taking the audience survey on the Grammar Girl page of QuickAndDirtyTips.com. It's the blue box at the top of the sidebar, and your answers are completely anonymous 8.

Links

Wikipedia Entry for Acronyms and Initalisms

Dictionary.com entry for Initialism

An excellent discussion by HTML developers about acronyms and abbreviations.

List of Common Abbreviations

Everyday Acronyms

* I haven't been able to find a definitive 9 answer on the right way to write hazmat, but the U.S. government's Office of Hazardous Materials Safety writes it as hazmat so I'm sticking with that for now.