英语音频杂志：哮喘

 　　Asthma 1

　　
　　by John Russell
　　With World Health day on 7th April, this week we take a closer look at a very common health problem.
　　Does your chest regularly feel tight? Do you find it difficult to breathe after light exercise? Do you sometimes make a wheezing 2 sound when you breathe? If so, you might be asthmatic. If you have breathing problems please consult a doctor, but even if you do have asthma - don’t worry, you are not alone.
　　
　　What is asthma?
　　Asthma is a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and more than 5 million people in the UK are asthmatic, about one in thirteen people. It is a lung disease that affects your airways 3 – the tubes that carry air to and from your lungs. It causes the muscles in these tubes to contract, the tubes themselves to swell 4 and also causes sticky mucus to be produced. All of these factors can make it very difficult for a sufferer to breathe properly.
　　Shortness of breath, especially after exercise, coughing, or difficulty breathing while sleeping, are all common symptoms. These can be described as mild asthma attacks; however, they can usually be controlled by medication. A severe asthma attack, on the other hand, where a sufferer finds it very difficult to breathe, may require hospital treatment. How badly you are affected 5 by these symptoms depends on what type of asthma you have; from mild to chronic 6; and how well you are able to control the disorder 7.
　　
　　What causes it?
　　Asthma is not contagious 8, although it’s still not known precisely 9 what causes it. People can be born with it; develop it in childhood, or at any age. If you have asthma, it’s likely that someone else in your family had it, as the illness is known to run in families. There is also some evidence that environmental factors, such as diet, housing conditions or smoking during pregnancy 10, can cause asthma.
　　Having the condition doesn’t necessarily mean you will suffer badly from the symptoms. Mild or moderate asthma can be easily controlled through medication or lifestyle changes. Additionally, all attacks need a trigger, and if these triggers can be identified and avoided, the likelihood of an attack decreases. Triggers can include: pollution, smoking, dust, animal hair, stress, pollen 11, exercise, and cold air. These triggers are personal to each individual sufferer, so if you have asthma, make sure you know what is causing your attacks, you can then better avoid these triggers.
　　
　　History
　　Asthma is not a recent condition, in fact there is written evidence of the condition from ancient Egyptian times. The word asthma itself was first coined by the physician Hippocrates over 3000 years ago, and was the Greek for ‘difficult breathing.’ Over the years, people have tried many remedies both physical and mental, to combat the illness.
　　To alleviate 12 the symptoms, people changed their diet, avoided polluted towns, or took herbal/folk cures such as tobacco smoke, owl’s blood, chicken soup, tar 13 fumes 14, or acupuncture 15. Blood letting and opium 16 were also popular treatments. Prayer and meditation 17 were used to enable people to better control their own breathing. Some of these remedies or breathing techniques are still being used today.
　　
　　Medicine and preventative measures
　　It wasn’t until the mid 18 20th century that doctors realised asthma attacks were caused by the swelling 19 and contraction 20 of the airways. Consequently, in the last 40 years there have been many developments in the treatment of asthma. There are presently two main types of medicine: preventers and relievers. A preventer is used every day and reduces the swelling of the airways, cutting the risk of an attack. A reliever, such as Ventolin, is taken when breathing has become (or is going to become) difficult, this actually relaxes the muscles of the airways, reducing constriction 21 and improving the airflow. The medicine is usually taken using an inhaler.
　　Prevention is also good treatment, so if you have asthma, remember to keep generally healthy, take regular exercise and lots of vitamin C to avoid colds and flu – which can be dangerous for asthma sufferers. A healthy diet is also important, and do watch what you eat, as certain foods or food additives 22 can be asthma triggers.
　　By taking the right medication and making the right lifestyle choices, there is no reason why most asthma sufferers shouldn’t be able to lead perfectly 23 healthy and active lives.
　　
　　Famous sufferers
　　There have been many famous asthmatics past and present. These include:
　　Beethoven, Che Guevera, Benjamin Disraeli, Marcel Proust, Bob Hope and Martin Scorsese
　　There are even asthmatic sporting heroes such as:
　　Dennis Rodman (basketball), Paul Scholes (football - Manchester United) and Paula Radcliffe (UK Long Distance runner)
　　
　　The future
　　Unfortunately there is still no cure for asthma, although the development of new treatments has led to a much better quality of life for most sufferers. However, the number of people being diagnosed as asthmatic has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This increase could be due to environmental or dietary factors, but for the moment researchers are puzzled.
　　It is not unusual for the symptoms of asthma to diminish as sufferers get older, although personally after 27 years I’m still waiting ...