英语音频杂志：再见大海雀

 　　Water sports

　　by Mike Rayner
　　We'll all be planning that route
　　We're gonna take real soon
　　We're waxing down our surfboards
　　We can't wait for June
　　We'll all be gone for the summer
　　We're on surfari to stay
　　Tell the teacher we're surfin'
　　Surfin' U. S. A.
　　(Chuck Berry, Brian Wilson)
　　All over the world people head for oceans, lakes, pools and rivers in search of fun, freedom and excitement. On the water, in the water or under the water, there are a huge range of sports and activities available to lovers of H2O. Let’s take a look at some of the more colourful and adventurous 1 water sports.
　　Surfing
　　When Captain James Cook landed in the Polynesian islands of Hawaii in 1778, he was surprised to find the native men and women, both royalty 2 and ordinary citizens, riding waves standing 3 on wooden boards. Despite being centuries old, surfing only really took off in the rest of the world from the 1950s, starting with the southwest coast of the USA. Nowadays surfing is enjoyed by surfers wherever there are waves, in Bali, Australia, Japan, France and even Britain.
　　Contemporary surfers use lightweight fibreglass boards to catch waves of varying shapes and sizes as they roll in towards the beach. One of the main attractions of the sport is its simplicity 4 – all a surfer really needs is a surfboard, a wetsuit and a way of getting to the beach.
　　Although there has been a fiercely competitive professional tour since the 1970s, surfing traditionally appeals to young people with a relaxed outlook on life. A whole lifestyle has built up around the sport, and movies like Big Wednesday, Point Break and Blue Crush have popularised surf culture. Surfing also has its own language – an excited surfer is ‘stoked’, a surfer who falls off their board ‘wipes out’, and something a surfer really likes is ‘awesome’. The heroes of the surfing community are the soul surfers – surfers who live only to travel and surf.
　　Windsurfing and kiteboarding
　　Both close cousins of surfing, windsurfing and kiteboarding use the wind to propel modified surfboards at high speeds across the surface of the water.
　　Windsurfing is a hybrid 6 of sailing and surfing invented by sailor Jim Drake, and surfer Hoyle Schweiter in South California in the late 1960s. Windsurfing has become a hugely popular outdoor activity, and made its first appearance at the Olympics in LA in 1984. There are many different styles of windsurfing which include ‘freestyle’, where windsurfers do tricks, ‘bump-and-jump’ in which surfers use waves to take to the air, and ‘slalom’.
　　Kitesurfing is an even more recent development; it has only been around since the 1980s, and is only recently becoming an established watersport. As the name of the sport suggests, kitesurfers are towed along by large kites, allowing them to pull-off incredible tricks in the air. The names of the tricks give an idea of how exciting the sport is; the ‘heart-attack’, ‘boneless’ and ‘slim chance’ are among the most exhilarating to watch.
　　SCUBA 7 diving
　　Just as mankind has always had a desire to fly, the human race has wanted to swim under the water since prehistoric 8 times. Pictures of primitive 9 devices to enable people to breathe underwater have been found dating from 3000 years ago, but our dream of moving freely beneath the ocean waves for long periods of time was only realised about 60 years ago, when French diving legend Jacques Cousteau developed the first practical Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus 10 (SCUBA). Since then the sport of SCUBA diving has gone from strength to strength.
　　Lovers of SCUBA diving rave 5 about the feeling of weightlessness, the peace and quiet under the water, the ability to move in three dimensions and the sense of adventure they get while on a dive. SCUBA divers 11 often travel to some of the most beautiful and remote places in the world in the search for rare underwater flora 12 and fauna 13. Palau, The Red Sea, The Maldives and Hawaii have many of the most popular diving sites, but recreational divers often have to make do with less exotic local destinations, like the North Sea in Britain.
　　SCUBA diving is not without its dangers, however. The mixture of nitrogen and oxygen divers breathe underwater, combined with the pressure under the water can be deadly if a diver rises too quickly to the surface, causing a condition called ‘the bends’. Divers can also get lost or trapped when diving on wrecks 14, and fatalities 15 are particularly common in cave diving, where divers add to the dangers of diving by swimming through underground caves filled with water. Diving can also be harmful to the underwater environment – in the past irresponsible divers have caused a great deal of damage to coral reefs. However with proper precautions diving can open up a whole new world, far from the stresses of daily life.
　　So what are you waiting for? Get your wetsuit on, strap 16 your board to the roof rack, throw your SCUBA gear in the boot and head for the beach. I’ll see you there.
　　Glossary 17
　　contemporary (adj): existing or happening now.
　　coral reef (n): a bank of coral, the top of which can sometimes be seen just above the
　　sea.device (n): an object or machine which has been invented to fulfill 18 a particular purpose.
　　establish (v) (established adj): to cause to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc.
　　exhilarating (adj): making you feel very excited and happy.
　　fatality 19 (n): a death caused by an accident or by violence, or someone who has died in either of these ways.
　　fibreglass UK, US fiberglass (n): a strong light material made by twisting together small fibres of glass and plastic, used especially for structures such as cars and boats.
　　flora and fauna (n): the flora and fauna of a place are its plants and animals.
　　hybrid (n): a plant or animal that has been produced from two different types of plant or animal, especially to get better characteristics, or anything that is a mixture of two very different things.
　　modify (v): to change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable.
　　precaution (n): an action which is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous happening.
　　prehistoric (adj): describing the period before there were written records.
　　primitive (adj): relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system.
　　propel (n): to push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force.
　　rave (v): to praise something greatly.royalty (n): the people who belong to the family of a king and queen.
　　slalom (n): a race for people on skis or in canoes (= long light narrow boats) in which they have to follow a route that bends in and out between poles.
　　tow (v): to pull a car, boat, etc. along, using a rope or a chain attached to another vehicle or boat.
　　wetsuit (n): a piece of clothing covering the whole body that keeps you warm and dry when you are under water.
　　Goodbye Great Auk
　　by John Kuti
　　In those days, people still lived on the islands of Saint Kilda. Two men from the village went out on the rock. They found a big strange bird. It was sleeping. They decided 20 to bring it home to the village.
　　Far out into the ocean to the north and west of Britain are the cold wild islands of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. They make a line of beautiful beaches 150 miles long. Further west is the small group of islands called Saint Kilda. They are cold and wild too, but without beaches. The islands are tall volcanic 21 rocks hundreds of metres high.
　　For thousands of years, people lived on these islands. In 1930 the last people, there were only 36 of them, had a meeting and decided to leave. The biggest island in the group is called Hirta. Sheep still live there without any people. When you arrive by boat, you see very tall black rocks all around. Some big rocks make their own small islands. This true story happened on the tallest of the rocks – “Stac An Armin” in 1840.
　　In those days, people still lived on the islands of Saint Kilda. Their stone houses were all in one village by the ocean at the bottom of a tall dark hill. The houses only had one room – for people and sheep, which used to live with them in the winter and spring. Two men from the village, McDonald and McKinnon, were on the rock. It was their work to collect birds – some for food, some to make shoes or hats with. Some dead birds they put in the earth to help their vegetables grow. They found one strange big bird. It was sleeping. They decided to bring it home to the village.
　　I think people in the village were interested in the bird. We now know that this was a Great Auk, a kind of swimming bird that lived in many parts of the North Atlantic. It was big and strong and had a loud cry. They began to talk with the other people in the village about what they should do with it. After two days, the weather got worse and then there was a terrible storm. The people in the village decided that this was because of the bird and they killed it. This was the last example of the Great Auk in Britain. Four years later, the last Great Auk in the world died in Iceland.
　　We know the Great Auk died out because of people. But where did the people of Saint Kilda go? This is more difficult to explain. Some say that they were bored living on the island so far from modern cities. Other people think that the problem was tourists, who began to visit Saint Kilda at the end of the 19th century. A new theory says that using too many dead birds as fertilizer made their food unhealthy. I think it was a mistake to kill the auk.