时间:2019-01-13 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2010年(十二)月


英语课

A new partnership 1 is being launched to develop a malaria 2 vaccine 3 that would prevent parasites 5 from entering the liver. Most of the symptoms of the disease develop after parasites have had time to replicate 6 there.




A new partnership is being launched to develop a malaria vaccine that would prevent parasites from entering the liver. Most of the symptoms of the disease develop after parasites have had time to replicate there.


The World Health Organization estimates that in 2008, there were 247 million cases of malaria worldwide, with one million deaths. It says in Africa, a child dies every 45 seconds from the disease.


The best treatment now available is artemisinin-based combination therapy. But an effective vaccine would be much better. That's the goal of the partnership involving the international, non-profit organization PATH, Merck Pharmaceuticals 7 and New York University.


Finding a weakness


Scientists think they've discovered the Achilles heel of the malaria parasite 4. After a bite by an infected mosquito, the parasite travels through the bloodstream and arrives at the liver. That's where scientists believe the best line of defense 8 can be made.


Dr. Ashley Birkett is PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative director of pre and early clinical development.


"The parasite has a natural affinity 9 for liver cells. Liver cells are the cells that the parasite can actually make copies of itself in once it enters the human body. So, it's goal once it enters the human bloodstream after an infectious bite is to find liver cells. And then it enters those liver cells through a set of specific interactions that we don't fully 10 understand. But there is a critical event in that entry process that we think we can target through a vaccine approach," he says.


He says if the parasite cannot enter the liver, it cannot replicate and cause disease. But targeting a parasite is more difficult than targeting viruses or bacteria.


"This is a parasite," he says, "It's a very complex organism that has over 5,000 different gene 11 products that it makes. It's a lot more complicated than a typical virus. I think also there have been limited resources that have been applied 12 to malaria vaccine development over the years. But we are having significant success now. And through a partnership with GlaxoSmithKline, PATH MVI is engaged in a very large phase-three clinical study, which is a last stage of clinical testing before a vaccine can actually be licensed 13 and start saving lives."


Birkett says the vaccine has been evaluated in 16,000 young children in seven sub-Saharan African countries. It has an efficacy rate of 50 percent.


"So, given that we're looking in the order of 900,000 deaths from malaria in young children primarily per year in sub-Saharan Africa, a vaccine with 50 percent efficacy is actually a very significant achievement. But we want to do better," says Birkett.


The vaccine being tested depends on the body producing very large numbers of antibodies against the malaria parasite. That's makes it more difficult to have a higher efficacy rate. The hope of a new vaccine is to specifically target a different area of the parasite with fewer anti-bodies.


Malaria taking a toll 14


Dr. Birkett says this would relieve African countries of some heavy burdens.


"We're looking at countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which already have significant burdens to deal with in terms of economic impact of these global infectious diseases. And malaria has a huge economic impact. So a vaccine that can be highly protective and prevent these clinical diseases and up to 900,000 deaths per year is going to have a significant health and economic benefit in these countries," he says.


Dr. Birkett says the cost of such a vaccine would be kept as low as possible. Clinical testing on the proposed vaccine is still three or four years away. Malaria immunization would be included as part of a child's routine vaccinations 15.



n.合作关系,伙伴关系
  • The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
  • Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。
n.疟疾
  • He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
  • Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
n.寄生虫;寄生菌;食客
  • The lazy man was a parasite on his family.那懒汉是家里的寄生虫。
  • I don't want to be a parasite.I must earn my own way in life.我不想做寄生虫,我要自己养活自己。
寄生物( parasite的名词复数 ); 靠他人为生的人; 诸虫
  • These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的,而与寄生虫无关。
  • Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。
v.折叠,复制,模写;n.同样的样品;adj.转折的
  • The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
  • It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样,它还可以被轻易的复制。
n.医药品;药物( pharmaceutical的名词复数 )
  • the development of new pharmaceuticals 新药的开发
  • The companies are pouring trillions of yen into biotechnology research,especially for pharmaceuticals and new seeds. 这些公司将大量资金投入生物工艺学研究,尤其是药品和新种子方面。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
n.亲和力,密切关系
  • I felt a great affinity with the people of the Highlands.我被苏格兰高地人民深深地吸引。
  • It's important that you share an affinity with your husband.和丈夫有共同的爱好是十分重要的。
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
n.遗传因子,基因
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
adj.得到许可的v.许可,颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)
  • The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
  • Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗?
n.过路(桥)费;损失,伤亡人数;v.敲(钟)
  • The hailstone took a heavy toll of the crops in our village last night.昨晚那场冰雹损坏了我们村的庄稼。
  • The war took a heavy toll of human life.这次战争夺去了许多人的生命。
n.种痘,接种( vaccination的名词复数 );牛痘疤
  • Vaccinations ensure one against diseases. 接种疫苗可以预防疾病。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I read some publicity about vaccinations while waiting my turn at the doctor's. 在医生那儿候诊时,我读了一些关于接种疫苗的宣传。 来自《简明英汉词典》
学英语单词
absorber feed pump
adjacet audiochannel
angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy
anterograde labeling method
aplosyenite
Ardres
BARTin'
bellmoth
cambering mechanism
carete
carpomitra cabrerae(clem.) kutz.
clicktivist
compass rose
Conoble
context-sensitive language
continuous magnetization method
coolingjacket
cyanomethyl-dithio-benzoate
Cymbidium longibracteatum
degaser
driven radiator
duobinary
ecologic replacement
examination of blood stain
f'in' her
family Guttiferae
fatso
felony murder
fibrocytoscope
file tree
follicular adenoma
forbesite
Furmanov
gilks
good product
Gregory II, Saint
helicogloea globispora
Hindu-Arabic numeral
hole through
involuntary nervous system
lapsing schedule
level measuring instrument
liquescing
local level schema
M.E.C.
magnetoresistance random access memory (mram)
medium strong molding sand
midiling
necrocracy
orthogonalized plane wave method
pass-out turbine
pleak
pneumatic air hydraulic dashpot
polyester celtic
polyindene resin
power-assisted flight control
preferential segregation
primary air system
prime formula
rail tank car
rain gauge glass
rascaldry
rate-of-change
rhodellus
rpd
runners-up
Rur(Roer)
sandscape
Save the mark!
scare a confession
shamrock peas
shock bending test
singe sb.'s beard
sliding door status indication
solder bonding
speakworthy
spectation
sprue wire
St-Germer-de-Fly
stabilization time
synfloods
take ... life
tenisons
tertiary nephron
theclan
three degree of freadom gyroscope
toluylene orange
trimboat
triple-resonance experiment
tubular exchanger
tychocoen
unanatomical
uncisor'd
utilization in freezing
Utricularia exoleta
Vihti
wabbling lines
weather through
well production profile
wicked tongue
woozley
wow me