时间:2018-12-18 作者:英语课 分类:雅思英语


英语课

   雅思阅读考试的各种题型中,四选一题型是一类正确率较低的题型,这种题型十分耗时,并且考查的形式也多种多样。很多学生反映做完这类题目后的整体感觉是:自己无法说出哪些题目是肯定正确的,甚至每一个题目都模棱两可,选的时候十分犹豫,这样就导致了正确率偏低的问题。针对这些问题,阅读组的专家把雅思阅读四选一题型划分成了三类,在本文中将分别介绍这三类题目各自的做题技巧,以及在把握做题的度上需要注意些什么。


  一、判断作者的观点或意图
  我们经常能遇到选择题中有这样的问法:What is the writer’s main point about…? 或者The writer suggests …to illustrate… 还有What does the writer say about…? 我们把这些问法归类为判断作者观点或意图的题目。那么,在解决这类题目时,需要注意些什么呢?
  首先,我们要明确,阅读文章是说明文,由于文体的限制,作者不会明确地表达自己主观的想法,因为这类文章不具有引导性,作者不会把自己的观点强加给读者,因此,我们只能在作者的用词、句式等细节上来判断其意图。例如:
  What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?
  A It will increase in line with population growth.
  B It is not as important as we have been led to believe.
  C It has been reduced through public awareness 1 of the issues.
  D It is only significant in certain areas of the country.
  原文:People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12000th of the area of the entire United States. 在这段文字中,作者用了转折连接词、表示程度的副词来表达“数据的微乎其微、可以忽略”这样的含义。因此,作者偏重于数据很小、问题不严重这样的观点。因此选择B项。
  其次,还有一类较为简单些的表示作者意图的题目,就是问作者提及一个例子、数据或事实的目的是为了说明什么。这种题目我们只要根据文章的逻辑顺序来判断就可以了。通常,在列举出一个观点或提出一个问题后,作者会按照逻辑顺序来举例或数据来支持前面所提出的观点。如果选择题中问作者提一个例子为了表达什么,我们只需要到紧挨着例子的前面寻找答案就可以轻松找到例子的依据或目的了。
  二、掌握文中的细节
  文章中的细节部分的考查是四选一题目的又一个难点。这类题目包括的范围较广,无法将它们细分为各种类型,这类题的集中难点就是同义转换。建议考生在对待这类题目时,要尽量找到定位词或按题目顺序锁定答案的位置,再将锁定位置的句义与选项进行同义转换,就能选出答案。文中涉及的细节通常比较容易看出来,无需推断,只要按客观的描述来对号入座就可以了。
  例如:Lozanov claims that teachers should train students to
  A memorize details of the curriculum
  B develop their own sets of indirect instructions
  C think about something other than the curriculum content.
  D avoid overloading 2 the capacity of the brain.
  原文:Lozanov therefore made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral 3. 题目中的定位词为teachers,再根据顺序,我们定位到原文,将原文中的句义与选项逐个进行同义转换,我们可以确定答案为C选项。
  三、选择原文的题目
  四选一当中有一类常考的题型,就是给原文选择一个合适的题目。这类题无非就是summary题型的变形,这类题目通常是不难做的。但是很多同学也在这类题上出错,原因就在于大家不清楚应该将选项中的哪些词汇做依据来选择。多数出错的同学都是将选项中的一个大写、名称等词与原文正好相同为依据,而忽略了选项间的区别。这种题的选项其实看起来是很相似的,也正因为此,我们不能只凭一个词就去选择。选项间往往存在范围上的差别、程度上的差别等,建议考生们需要做的是:先在选项中找到文章一直提及的高频词汇或同义词汇,再看看选项间的范围,看哪些选项是原文涉及了一小部分的细节、哪个选项是概括了原文大部分的内容,我们要的答案是后者。
  例如:What is the best title for this passage?
  A The rise of the cinema star
  B Cinema and novels compared
  C The domination of Hollywood
  D The power of the big screen
  这个题中,cinema star/novel在原文都有提及,但是我们不能以它们为依据,因为它们并不是文章中高频出现的词汇,只是在一小段内容中涉及。因此,我们要看另外两个选项:C选项在文中没有出现,完全无法代表原文的意思。因此,只有D项是正确的。文中大量介绍了电影的发展、电影的魅力和对人们生活的冲击,选项中的big screen就是文中一直提及的cinema的同义词汇,而power正好概括了全文的意思。
  综上所述,我们在做四选一题目的时候,要看题目是属于以上提到的哪一类,针对不同类别的题,我们的应对方式也有所差异。
  在上篇文章中,我们把四选一题目按照考查内容进行了分类,明确了有些题目是考作者的用词来推敲其意图,有些题目是考同义转换,而有些题目则是按照高频词汇和概括性词汇来选择。那么,这类题型的选项又有什么难点呢?分析认为,四选一题型选项的难点主要存在于干扰项上,所谓的干扰项就是看起来跟真正答案很相似,用来迷惑考生的判断力的选项。我们按照干扰项的迷惑性由强到弱,分为重要干扰项、错误干扰项和未提及干扰项。
  四、多选题目的重要干扰项
  重要干扰项就是指,这种选项虽然不是正确答案,却与原文不冲突(或者很难判断是否与原文冲突),它们与正确答案看起来比较相似,只不过不如正确答案更准确、更完整或更严谨。我们看下面的例子:
  In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it
  A aims to impress its audience.
  B tells stories better than books.
  C illustrates 4 the passing of time.
  D describes familiar events.
  我们可以定位到原文的C段和D段,C段提到:The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere 5 picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them. 这一段文字表达了观众当时的反应,观众们很难接受自己看到的是图画而不是事实。D段提到:The key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim 6 of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured. 这段文字描述了电影创造了事件随时间的发展演变,并且用picture和novel进行类比,强调电影的魔力是让人清楚地看到事情流畅地随时间演变。
  根据这两段文字所表达的意思,很多学生会选择A或B选项,因为原文提及了观众、小说(书)的内容。A和B两个选项与原文所讲的内容并不是矛盾或完全不符合的。因此,这两个选项就干扰了我们正确的选择。当我们把这两段文字仔细推敲之后,发现描述观众的反应和对比书和电影的区别,都是为了表达电影的魔力在于表达事件随时间的发展这一主题含义。C项的含义比AB要更准确,因此答案选择C项。
  五、多选题目的错误干扰项
  相比之下,多选题目的错误干扰项就较容易识别出来了。我们可以看到,有些题目中,某个选项与原文是直接矛盾的,那么肯定不会选择它为正确的答案。比如:
  A recent survey found that in British secondary schools,
  A there was more bullying 7 than had previously 8 been the case.
  B there was less bullying than in primary schools.
  C cases of persistent 9 bullying were very common.
  D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.
  我们看到原文,其中有一句话是:There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying. 通过这句话,我们可以明显地判断出,C项的含义与原文是矛盾的。very common和one in twenty-five的比例是明显不符的。因此,C选项就是一个错误的干扰项,我们可以确定地排除答案是C项的可能性。
  六、多选题目的未提及干扰项
  有的干扰项在原文中并不存在,或者说根据原文无法判断这个选项是否正确,这种就是原文未提及的干扰项。此类干扰项难度也不大,但是却是考查四选一时最常出现的、数量最多的干扰项。这种题的考查形式类似于T/F/NG判断题中,NOT GIVEN的考查点。也就是说,选项提到的所谓的“事实”、“实验结果”、“某人的观点”等内容是原文没有涉及的或是我们无法根据原文提及的点来清楚判断的。这种选项当然不是正确答案,像我们上文提到的第一个例子中的D选项和第二个例子中的A/D选项,都是典型的未提及的干扰项。这种选项虽然干扰性很弱,容易被大家排除,但是,也是耗费我们做题时间的地方。我们需要逐个对比原文,判断每个选项是否是我们需要的、符合题干的选项,这里面就夹杂了未提及干扰项。若是某个选项涉及的内容没有被我们找到,而我们误判这个选项为未提及干扰项,也会导致错误。因此提醒考生们在将选项与原文对比的过程必须要谨慎,如果由于忽略了原文的线索,将正确答案误判为未提及干扰项,那么未提及干扰项反而成了最难的考点。
  总之,我们在做题时,要逐一将选择题的选项与原文进行对照,排除掉与原文相矛盾的选项和原文未提及的选项,找出正确的答案,这样才能够提升四选一题型的正确率。按照通常的考题干扰项比率,在四个选项中,除去正确答案,剩余的三个选项是错误干扰项和未提及干扰项的比率为1:2,因此,大家在做题时,在找到正确答案之前,任何一个选项都不能忽略,必须有明确的依据和肯定的判断才可以得到较高的正确率。

1 awareness
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
2 overloading
过载,超载,过负载
  • Enables multiple users to search the site without overloading the server. 使多个用户搜索网站,而无需超载的服务器上。
  • The driver got stripped down again for overloading his trunk. 那位卡车司机因为超载又受到责备。
3 peripheral
adj.周边的,外围的
  • We dealt with the peripheral aspects of a cost reduction program.我们谈到了降低成本计划的一些外围问题。
  • The hotel provides the clerk the service and the peripheral traveling consultation.旅舍提供票务服务和周边旅游咨询。
4 illustrates
给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 ); 说明; 表明; (用示例、图画等)说明
  • This historical novel illustrates the breaking up of feudal society in microcosm. 这部历史小说是走向崩溃的封建社会的缩影。
  • Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. 阿尔弗莱德 - 阿德勒是一位著名的医生,他有过可以说明这点的经历。 来自中级百科部分
5 mere
adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过
  • That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
  • It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。
6 whim
n.一时的兴致,突然的念头;奇想,幻想
  • I bought the encyclopedia on a whim.我凭一时的兴致买了这本百科全书。
  • He had a sudden whim to go sailing today.今天他突然想要去航海。
7 bullying
v.恐吓,威逼( bully的现在分词 );豪;跋扈
  • Many cases of bullying go unreported . 很多恐吓案件都没有人告发。
  • All cases of bullying will be severely dealt with. 所有以大欺小的情况都将受到严肃处理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 previously
adv.以前,先前(地)
  • The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿,解释原先发生了什么。
9 persistent
adj.坚持不懈的,执意的;持续的
  • Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days.艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
  • She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions.他不时地向她大献殷勤,使她很难为情。
标签: 雅思阅读
学英语单词
-faced
5-hydroxindoleacetic acid (5-hiaa)
abate a cause of action
absorption dynamometers
Actisan-5L
Adam's Bridge, Adams Bridge
Agamemnon
aluminium conductor steel rein- forced
Arenshausen
at the best
athyrium tozanense
atrophoderma vermiculata
bacciformis
bamian
bang-zone
bertall
bloomsdale
board the gravy train
bonding temperature
boron and water makeup system
cardo
centrale foramina
chittimwoods
citrous fruit
coacervation process
computer-aided design and drafting (cadd)
confidential adviser-advisee relations
Corydalis pseudorupestris
demergers
differential with side ring and radial cam plate
diks-diks
document of luggage transportation
Doshākh, Kuh-e
drivelers
empfindsamer Stil
european silver firs
ex-l
farouche
form pollen tubes
get sth. out of one's head
Gurjākhāni
hargis
Hermippe
horribilities
Hubble law
in-core instrumentation assembly
inductor dynamic loudspeaker
interrupt freeze mode
kelm
knotted chest with jaundice
learning-growth
lempel-ziv
lock state
lyg
Lythraceae
malagasy republics
margelov
Massay formula
Meesea
myeloarchitectures
non-locking shift character
nonconfessions
nonnegativity
numbersome
orbital septum
original accumulation
parkerization
pericardial disease
pseudoperichaeta roseanella
pulvis effervescens compositus
quasi cleavage fracture
quasi-real-time
radial servo
rajid
rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
reluctates
roof and ground plummet
rural tourism
sagittal suture
senior analyst
sennit
septa intermusculare posterius
short-circuit line
sinistral transcurrent
slow cooking process
spoofing attack
stationary bar screen
steam lift
steel beaker
stiffened skin
sulfonio
Taiwan Relation Act
task schedule
toe slab
trolley lander
ultrasonic communication
unfoldedness
ungrabbable
Wabenzi
weatherpersons
zinjanthropera