动名词的语法特征及用法
英语课
动名词的语法特征及用法 动名词由动词加-ing词尾构成,既有名词的特征,又有动词的特征。了解动名词的语法特征可帮助学习词的意义,从而正确使用动名词。
一、动名词的名词特征
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。例如:
Beating a child will do more harm than good.打孩子弊大于利。(作主语)
Do you mind answering my question?你不介意回答我的问题吧?(作宾语)
To keep money that you have found is stealing.把拾到的钱留起来是偷盗行为。(作表语)
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室里不许大声说话。(作定语)
在动名词担任这些句子成分时,学习者需注意的是:
1、有些动词后只能用动名词作宾语,构成固定搭配,需特别记忆。常见的这类动词有:admit(承认),advise(建议),allow(允许), appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),can’t help(禁不住),consider(考虑),deny(否认),dislike (不喜欢),enjoy(喜欢),escape(逃脱),excuse(原谅),feel like(想要),finish(结束),give up(放弃),imagine(想象),involve(包含),keep(保持),mind(介意),miss(错过),permit 1(允许), practise(练习),quit(停止),recollect(记得),recommend(推荐),suggest(建议),stop(停止), resent(对……感到愤恨、怨恨),risk(冒……危险),cannot stand(受不了)等。例如:
We do not permit smoking 2 in the office.我们不允许在办公室吸烟。
In fighting the fire,he risked being burnt to death.在救火中,他冒着被烧死的危险。
She denied 3 having stolen anything.她否认偷过任何东西。
I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议换一个方法做这件事。
2、动名词常用于一些固定句型中,常见的有:It is no use /no good...;It is a waste oftime...;It is fun /nice /good...;There isno...(不可以/不可能……)等。例如:
It is no use asking him.He doesn’t know any more than you do.
问他也没用,他并不比你知道得更多。
It’s no fun being lost in rain.在雨中迷路可不是好玩的。
It’s a waste of time your reasoning with him.你和他讲道理是在浪费时间。
There is no joking about such matter.对这样的事不可开玩笑。
There is no getting along with him.简直无法与他相处。
二、动名词的动词特征
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的动词特征主要表现在以下几点:
1、动名词可带状语,如果是及物动词,需跟宾语。例如:
It was obvious that he was trying to avoid answering that question.
显然他在试图避免回答那个问题。(跟宾语)
Reading without thorough 4 comprehension 5 is no good.
没有透彻理解地阅读是无用的。(跟状语)
Getting a job in a large city in Japan is very difficult.
在日本的大城市获得一份工作是很难的。(既跟宾语又跟状语)
2、动名词可具有时态意义
动名词可以像动词那样表现时态意义,有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分。动名词的时态意义是一个相对的概念,从属于句中谓语动词。一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般性动作,没有时间概念;完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如:
She is proud of being beautiful.她为自己的美丽而骄傲。(同时)
I am thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon.
我想下午去看工业展览。(在其后)
I prefer making an outline 6 before I do my oral composition.
我喜欢在做口语作文之前先写一个提纲。(一般情况)
I apologize for not having kept my promise.
我为没能遵守诺言表示歉意。(之前发生)
He was praised for having made such a contribution to the country.
他因对国家做了这样大的贡献而受到表扬。(之前发生)
3、动名词可具有语态意义
如果动名词与句中的逻辑主语构成被动关系,即逻辑主语接受动名词的动作,需用其被动形式(being done,having been done)。例如:
They couldn’t stand being treated like that.他们无法忍受这样的待遇。(与其逻辑主语They构成被动关系,比较:They are treated like that.)
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为那个队的教练。(与其逻辑主语his构成被动关系,比较: He was chosen to be the coach of the team.)
Nowadays being killed in traffic accidents is a common occurrence 7.当今在交通事故中丧生是 常发生的事。(其逻辑主语泛指people,与之构成被动关系,比较: It is common that people are killed in traffic accidents.)
但是在want,need,require,deserve等动词之后作宾语时,常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,但如果用不定式则用被动式。例如:
The flowers in the garden want watering.花园里的花需要浇水了。(比较:The flowers in the garden want to be watered.)
That’s one of those questions that really don’t need answering.那是一个那种真的不需回答的问题。(比较:The questions don’t need to be answered.)
4、动名词可带有自己的逻辑主语
一般情况下,动名词的逻辑主语可泛指任何人或与句中主语一致。例如:
He could not bear being made fun of like that.他受不了别人拿他那么开玩笑。(逻辑主语为句子的主语He)
I don’t remember having ever promised you that.我不记得曾经答应过你这件事。(逻辑主语为句子的主语I)
Working in these conditions is no easy job.在这样的条件下工作是不容易的。(泛指)
但出于句意表达的需要,动名词常常带有自己的逻辑主语。动名词自己带的逻辑主语有两种形式:a)在动名词前加“物主代词或名词的所有格”;b)在动名词前加 “名词的通格或人称代词的宾格”。两者的区别是:前者为正式语体,后者多用于非正式语体,多见于口语和动名词位于句中时。因此,在书面文体中,尽量用前者,不用后者;但在口语中使用后者更为自然。例如:
Do you mind my smoking in the room?你介意我在室内吸烟吗?
His further consideration 8 of the point was prevented by Richard’s coming back to us excitedly.理查德兴冲冲地回到我们中间来,妨碍了他进一步考虑这个问题。
I don’t remember my mother complaining.我不记得我母亲抱怨过。
I object to him making private calls on the office phone.我反对他为私事使用办公室电话。
但在下列情况下,不能使用所有格:a)代词all,both,each,few,several,some, this等作逻辑主语时;b)数词、名词化形容词(如the three,the old等)作逻辑主语时;c)结构中的逻辑主语是句子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时。例如:
In spite 9 of the three telling the same story,I could not believe it.尽管他们三人讲得相同,我还是不能相信。
I remember each one of them saying it.我记得他们每个人都这么说。
I have never heard of that being possi- ble.我从没听说过那种事是可能的。
Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder?屋子后面的人讲话声音能大一点吗?
1 permit
n.许可证,许可,执照;vt.允许,容许;vi.容许
- The doctor will not permit mother up until her leg is better.在母亲的腿好些之前,医生不允许她起床。
- The soldiers had orders to permit no stranger through.士兵们接到命令不许任何陌生人通过。
2 smoking
n.吸烟,抽烟;冒烟
- He was wise to give up smoking.他戒烟是明智的。
- He has decided to cut out smoking and drinking.他已决心戒烟、戒酒。
3 Denied
adj.拒签v.拒绝( deny的过去式和过去分词 );拒绝承认;拒绝…占有;否认知情
- Government sources denied there had been a deliberate cover-up. 政府方面否认了有故意掩饰的行为。
- When we confronted him, he denied everything. 我们与他当面对质时,他什么都不承认。
4 thorough
adj. 彻底的,完全的,精心的
- He made a very thorough analysis on the situation.他对形势的分析很透彻。
- The committee reported its findings after a thorough investigation.委员会在彻底调查以后报告了调查结果。
5 comprehension
n.理解,理解力;领悟
- The teacher set the class a comprehension test.老师对全班同学进行了一次理解力测验。
- The problem is above my comprehension.这个问题超出我的理解力。
6 outline
n.大纲,轮廓,概要,要点;v.描画轮廓,描述要点
- Make an outline before trying to write a composition.写作文之前先写个提纲。
- Draw an outline before you fill in the details.先画个轮廓,再画细部。
7 occurrence
n.发生,出现,事件,发生的事件
- Two things account for its occurrence.发生这件事的原因有两个。
- For a military commander,winning or losing a battle is a common occurrence.胜败乃兵家常事。
8 consideration
n.考虑,思考;要考虑的事;体谅,关心
- John never showed any consideration for his mother's feeling.约翰从来都不体谅他母亲的感情。
- We did an overall consideration of the matter at last.最后我们又对这个问题作了全盘考虑。