VOA标准英语2008年-Blood Diamonds: The Gem's Curse

Precious stones and metals have long held an attraction, sometimes a fatal one. The gem 1 trade is a multi-billion dollar business, and precious stones are a highly prized commodity. This has helped some countries develop into success stories and has provided sustenance 2 for families in some of the world's poorest places. But it has also dragged others into despair. The gem trade has been used to finance wars, terrorize civilians 4 and keep despots in power. VOA's Sonja Pace looks at the human cost of the gem industry. (Part 4 of 5)
　
Much of Africa's gem stones are mined this way: digging in pits, gravel 5, and stream beds

It's a far cry from the clean, mechanized mines of South Africa, but it's how much of Africa's gem stones are mined: men dig by hand in pits, gravel and stream beds, looking for telltale signs of that elusive 6 stone that will make them rich - or at least bring in enough money to sustain them and maybe secure the family's future.

Over one million diggers search for diamonds this way in Africa. They make less than a dollar a day, while the global diamond trade nets an estimated $80 billion a year.

But, economic woes 7 are not the only human toll 8 of the gem industry.

In countries like Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sierra Leone, diamonds were used by armed militias 9 and rebels to fan civil war and inflict 10 misery 11 on the population. These became known as "blood diamonds."

Global Witness was one of the first non-governmental organizations to focus on the issue. Speaking with VOA in London, Annie Dunnebacke says the group set out to document the tragedy of conflict diamonds.

"Sierra Leone is one of the most notorious cases where hundreds of thousands of people died as a result of the conflict that saw the eastern part of the country, where the diamond fields are, controlled by the Revolutionary United Front, a rebel group backed by then Liberian president Charles Taylor," says Dunnebacke. "Horrific destruction and havoc 12 was wreaked 13, especially upon the civilian 3 population really, because the diamonds represented an economic incentive 14 for the war to continue."
　
The movie "Blood Diamond" helped audiences realize the implications behind the diamond trade

The horrors of that war shocked the public, especially the scenes of innocent men, women and children with their limbs cut off by rebels, and youngsters being forced into combat. Efforts to publicize the link between the atrocities 15, the warlords and the diamonds paid off.

The movie Blood Diamonds helped. In it, Leonardo DiCaprio plays an ex-mercenary who sells arms to Sierra Leone rebels in exchange for diamonds. In the end, though, he gives up the business and helps publicize the illicit 16 trade.

Global Witness was an advisor 17 on the film, and Annie Dunnebacke says it had an impact. "I think bringing the message in sort of Hollywood terms to a much wider audience than possibly our reports get to, it does have value," she says.

Eventually, international pressure made the diamond industry sit up and listen. In 2003, the Kimberley Process came into being. It requires member governments to certify 18 that exports and imports are free from blood diamonds. Industry associations said they would comply.

Tom Tweedy is a spokesman for DeBeers, the world's largest producer of rough diamonds. He says the Kimberley Process is a good way forward. "We have a system, and however imperfect it may be, it is probably the only comprehensive system of its type in the world," says Tweedy.

At the World Diamond Center in Antwerp, Director Philip Claes says that before the Kimberley Process, conflict diamonds accounted for 4 to 15 percent of rough diamonds traded worldwide. "Today, conflict diamonds account for only 0.2 percent of all rough diamonds traded worldwide," says Claes.

The emphasis is on certifying 19 the origin of the diamonds to weed out goods traded illegally. Annie Dunnebacke of Global Witness says it's a good start but there are loopholes.
　
"Porous 20 borders" in Africa encourage a lot of cross-border smuggling 21

"There are huge weaknesses ranging obviously from porous borders in African artisanal producing countries and basic lack of infrastructure 22, corruption 23, things like this which are stopping the scheme from being implemented 24 effectively, things that encourage a lot of smuggling, cross-border smuggling," she says.

In Johannesburg, diamond trader Janine Chaveau agrees. "I know quite a few people who are multi-millionaires who have never dealt in legal diamonds," she say, "it's always been illegal, blood diamonds."

Chaveau says she has been offered many undocumented diamonds. She says if they don't have papers, she doesn't touch them.

But, it's not just diamonds that are causing trouble. More than 90 percent of the world's rubies 25 come from Burma, a poor country with a military government that controls the sale of gems 26. The trade helps maintain the government in power.

Human rights activists 27 are working to tighten 28 sanctions against Burmese rubies.

But, like with diamonds, the potential profits are large and many are willing to look the other way.

Rights activists are hoping consumers will start to ask more questions of the jewelers to make sure that the gem stone they buy is not sullied by anguish 29 and blood.