时间:2019-03-09 作者:英语课 分类:英语听力文摘 English Digest


英语课

  The Ancestry 1 Of Snakes

古生物学界的一部分学者认为,蛇是由陆地蜥蜴的一个分支进化而来的,在进化的过程中,它们的脚逐渐退化消失了,而身子则变得越来越细长。另一种流行观点则认为蛇的前身是海蜥蜴,后来海蜥蜴的一支开始在陆地上生活,进化成了今天蛇。这种蛇是由海蜥蜴进化而来的观点在上个世纪已经很盛行了但真正获得能说明问题的证据还是在1997年,古生物学家对在色列出土的大约9千万年前的化石进行了分析,最终认定这些化属于蛇的远祖。据科学家介绍,这块名为“帕奇瑞斯”的化石拥几处与蛇相同的特征:比如细长的身体和独特的头骨等。蛇和蜥蜴的亲缘关系最为密切,它们是近亲,蛇是从蜥蜴变来的。在蜥蜴的原始种类里面,有一部分在漫长的进化过程中,适应了新的环境,四肢逐渐退化,形成了一些新的特征,变成了蛇;另有一部分虽然四肢没有了,但由于没有具备蛇的特点,到现在仍然是蜥蜴。例如贵州产的脆蛇蜥和细蛇蜥,就是这一类没有足的蜥蜴。所以,蛇是爬行动物中最年轻的一个分支,也是最后登上生命舞台的适应性很强的爬行动物。


  Where did snakes lose their limbs? Find out on this Moment of Science.

Scientists have been debating this question for a long time. Some believed that snakes evolved on land, and that their ancestors were small, burrowing 2 lizards 4. And others believed that snakes evolved from the mosasaurs, giant swimming lizards that lived 144 to 65 million years ago.

Except it’s difficult to analyze 5 the genes 6 of the extinct mosasaurs. So instead, scientists at Penn State analyzed 7 the genes of their closest living relatives, the monitor lizards. In fact, these scientists examined genetic 8 material representing all nineteen living lizard 3 families, and seventeen of the twenty-five families of living snakes.

They analyzed the differences in genetic structure that inevitably 9 result from the slight mutations that develop over time. This enabled them to map a genetic family tree. They discovered that snakes aren’t closely related to monitor lizards. Now, because the mosasaurs– the monitor lizards’ ancestors–were the only marine 10 lizards around when snakes evolved, snakes must have evolved from lizards living on land.

There’s a strong correlation 11 between the burrowing lifestyle and very small limbs or the complete loss of limbs. Some burrowing lizards have reduced limbs and some have lost one or both pairs. After all, you could fit into much smaller openings if you didn’t need a pelvis or shoulders to support your limbs.

译文:

蛇的祖先

科学家们围绕这个问题已经争论了很长的时间。一些科学家认为蛇从陆地上进化而来,它们的祖先是小的,穴居的蜥蜴。另一些科学家认为蛇由沧龙进化而来,沧龙是生活在一亿四千四百万年前至六千五百万年前的一种巨型水生蜥蜴。

分析已经灭绝的沧龙的基因是非常困难的。所以宾夕法尼亚州立大学的科学家们分析了它们现存的最近亲属巨蜥的基因。实际上,这些科学家们检查了代表所有19种现存蜥蜴家族以及蛇的25种现存家族中的17种基因材料。

他们分析了随着时间的推移,遗传结构中不可避免的微小变化所带来的差异。这让他们能够绘画出一个基因家谱图。他们发现了什么呢?他们发现了蛇与巨蜥并没有密切的关系。现在,因为沧龙-巨蜥的祖先-是蛇进化时周围唯一的海洋蜥蜴,所以蛇应该是从在陆地上生活的蜥蜴进化而来。

从穴居生活到非常小的四肢,再到完全丧失四肢,这之间的关联非常强。一些穴居蜥蜴的四肢减少,一些已经失去了一个或者所有的四肢。毕竟,你需要适应更小的通道,如果你不需要骨盆或肩膀来支撑你的肢体。

Notes:

fit into vt. 适合,适应;符合

If I gain any more weight,I shan't be able to fit into my clothes.

假如我的体重还要增加,我就穿不进我的衣服了。



n.祖先,家世
  • Their ancestry settled the land in 1856.他们的祖辈1856年在这块土地上定居下来。
  • He is an American of French ancestry.他是法国血统的美国人。
v.挖掘(洞穴),挖洞( burrow的现在分词 );翻寻
  • What are you burrowing around in my drawer for? 你在我抽屉里乱翻什么? 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The forepaws are also used for burrowing and for dragging heavier logs. 它们的前爪还可以用来打洞和拖拽较重的树干。 来自辞典例句
n.蜥蜴,壁虎
  • A chameleon is a kind of lizard.变色龙是一种蜥蜴。
  • The lizard darted out its tongue at the insect.蜥蜴伸出舌头去吃小昆虫。
n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 )
  • Nothing lives in Pompeii except crickets and beetles and lizards. 在庞培城里除了蟋蟀、甲壳虫和蜥蜴外,没有别的生物。 来自辞典例句
  • Can lizards reproduce their tails? 蜥蜴的尾巴断了以后能再生吗? 来自辞典例句
vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
  • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
  • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
  • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
adv.不可避免地;必然发生地
  • In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你们这样下去,毫无疑问是会散伙的。
  • Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。
adj.海的;海生的;航海的;海事的;n.水兵
  • Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
n.相互关系,相关,关连
  • The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.第二组测量数据与第一组高度相关。
  • A high correlation exists in America between education and economic position.教育和经济地位在美国有极密切的关系。
学英语单词
abbatum
afh
Alekseyevka
Allium platyspathum
analog vtr
Annieopsquotch Mountains
atomic ionization energy
aural direction finder
autonomasy
block building
Bogoslav
Bucrol
budget built in flexibility
calibrating straight
cameralists
Cartwrightian
Cazôa
Cegamite
cex
coal mining combine
compensation spectrum
dander antigen
dinty
disludge
domino costume
dual distribution
duplex star connection
Elaeagnus grandifolia
end loading platform
epoxy chloroparaffin
equilibrium electrode potential
field localizor
fiorentine
fixed focal length
fort sumter national monument
full carrier single sideband
gabe
get real.
gug derrick
gymow
hand throwing
hernovine
hongguanggenin
horse sweeper
hudibrastics
identification caption
impulsive insanity
jargonist
jayhawks
juxtapositive
khayyam
kusturica
licorice products
little room
ma return link user
master fault
metinfraepisternum
midgety
migrate from
modulus of sliding
mohammadabad (muhammadabad)
mongery
morning gowns
nedims
ocheyedan mound
of all loves
oil of theobroma
oscroft
outstudied
pandering
parietal peritoneum(serosa)
partridger
passio
platinum (electro)plating
polar excitation
premature alopecia
primary air rate
privilegement
pulse recurrence frequency (prf)
quack-grass
recodifies
right outside
second-last
septum annuli femoralis
single armed common anchor
slip tension
smaje
surface flashover
thorough-passage
toner offset
toxic tremor
trichloro-p-cresol
twin masts
unamortized debt discount
untrounced
uteteritis
Vena circumflexa iliaca superficialis
vestibulum vaginae
warnings of attack
whirtle
wide track seeder
Wyre, River