欧美人文风情第36篇:小汉斯霍尔拜因:《亨利八世的肖像画》

 So let's play detective and have a look at some of the works at Castle Howard. 来玩玩侦探游戏，看看在霍华德城堡的一些作品。

And see if we can discover some of the stories that they can tell us. 看看我们是否可以发现一些它们可以告诉我们的故事。
Most of the picture collection was assembled by three generations of the family in less than a century. 大部分的画作藏品是此家族的三个世代在不到一世纪中所收藏的。
And it was probably at a famous country house sale—the Arundel House sale 这大概正是在一次着名的乡间别墅拍卖中－－阿伦德尔别墅拍卖
—that the fourth Earl acquired this portrait in about 1720. --第四任伯爵在大约1720年时得到这幅肖像画。
I expect many of you would recognize the sitter's identity. 我想你们许多人会认出这位主角的身分。
He was one of the most colorful of the Tudor monarchs 1. 他是都铎王朝最精彩的人之一。
And much of the information we have about him and his courtiers comes from the work of one contemporary artist. 我们拥有关于他、以及他的廷臣的许多资讯来自于一位当代艺术家的作品。
The sitter is, of course, King Henry VIII, and was painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in 1542. 这名主角，当然，是亨利八世，且是由小汉斯·霍尔拜因在1542年所画的。
What makes it such a striking image? 是什么让这成为如此突出的画作？
How do you react as you look into his face, his eyes, and his mouth? 当你看着他的脸庞、他的双眼、及他的嘴巴时，
He's looking straight at you. I wonder, What is he thinking? What does his expression tell us? 你如何反应？他正直直地盯着你。我想知道：他正想些什么？他的表情告诉我们些什么？
If he suddenly spoke 2, what would he say? 如果他突然说话了，他会说什么？
As I continue to look at the portrait, I'm struck by the King's size and the detail of his richly ornamented 3 costume. 当我继续看着这幅肖像，我被国王的身材以及他华丽装饰的服装细节所打动。
Hans Holbein was born in about 1497 in Augsburg, Southern Germany, the son of a painter. 小汉斯·霍尔拜因在大约1497年时于南德奥格斯堡出生，是一位画家的儿子。
He trained in his father's workshop, and then moved to Bale in Switzerland, where he started on his own successful career. 他在他父亲的画室中受训，然后搬到瑞士的巴塞尔，在那里他开始了他自己成功的事业。
Today he's recognized as one of the greatest portrait painters of all time. 今天他被认为是有史以来最杰出的肖像画家之一。
Now you may never have been the sitter in a portrait, but I expect you have had the school photographer take your picture. 你可能从未当过肖像画里的主角，但我想你应该曾经让学校的摄影师拍过你的照片。
He usually sets up his studio in the school hall, and then makes the picture of every child in the school in a matter of hours. 他通常将画室设在校内大厅，接着在大约几小时内帮每个学校里的孩子画肖像。
How long do you think it would have taken Holbein with his brushes and paint to make a single portrait? 你觉得霍尔拜因用他的笔刷和颜料要花多少时间来画一幅肖像？
He paints it with such accuracy his pictures have a photographic quality, and he's given us an important record of the members of the Tudor court. 他带着如此的精确度作画，因此他的画作都带着摄影般的质感，且他带给我们都铎王朝成员的重要记录。
Yet he didn't start his career as a portrait painter. 但是他并不是从肖像画家开启他的职业生涯。
He illustrated 4 books and painted religious pictures. 他为书本绘制插画，并画宗教图像。
However, holy images became unpopular when changes in attitude and belief occurred during a movement called the Reformation. 但是，当态度和信仰的改变在一个称为宗教改革的运动中发生时，神圣的图像变得乏人问津。
So Holbein lost his income, and was forced to leave Bale to come to England in search of work. 所以霍尔拜因失去了他的收入，且被迫离开巴塞尔，并来到英国找工作。
His first visit to London was spent in the company of the great scholar and statesman, Sir Thomas More. 他第一次造访伦敦是在一位杰出的学者及政治家－－托马斯·莫尔爵士的陪同下度过。
Then after a period back in Switzerland with his wife and family, Holbein returned to England. 接着和他的妻子及家人回到瑞士一段时间后，霍尔拜因又回到了英国。
He was made court painter to Henry VIII in 1536. He became the King's chief image maker 5. 他在1536年成为亨利八世的宫廷画家。他成了国王的主要形象画家。
And from then on, the painting of portraits became fashionable. 从那时开始，肖像的画作变得流行。
He also developed the technique of miniature portraits. 他同样也发展出迷你肖像画的技术。
But his work for the English court wasn't restricted to portraiture 6. 但他为英国宫廷创作的作品并不局限于肖像画。
He also designed jewelry 7, furniture, and costumes. 他同样也设计珠宝、家具、和服装。
He died quite suddenly in 1543. It's thought that he probably died of the plague, 他在1543年骤逝。人们认为他大概是死于黑死病，
that terrible disease which killed thousands of people in Britain and across Europe. 那个在英国及欧洲各处害死数千人的可怕疾病。
Henry VIII was born in Greenwich on the 28 June, 1491—the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. 亨利八世在1491年6月28日于格林威治出生－－为亨利七世及约克的伊丽莎白之次子。
Henry had a very spoiled childhood. 亨利有段非常受到宠溺的童年。
He even had his own whipping boy, who was punished every time Henry did something wrong. 他甚至有他自己的代罪羔羊，在每次亨利做错事时代受惩罚。
But he was also very well-educated. 但他同样也受到良好教育。
He spoke many languages, wrote poetry, and knew a great deal about religion. 他会说数种语言、会写诗、且非常了解宗教。
And he also developed great skill in music and sports. 他同样也在音乐及运动方面发展绝佳的能力。
He became the prince of Wales following the death of his elder brother, Arthur, 他在他的哥哥亚瑟死亡后成为威尔斯的王子，
and at the same time became engaged to Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon. 同时和亚瑟的妻子阿拉贡的凯瑟琳订婚。
They married when Henry became King in 1509. 他们在1509年亨利登基时成婚。
At that time, Henry was young, handsome, and charming. 在那时，亨利年轻、帅气、又迷人。
He had red-gold hair and was over six feet tall. 他有着金红色的头发，且超过六尺(约182公分)高。
However, aided by his ministers Wolsey and Cromwell, 但是，在他的臣子们沃尔西及康沃尔的协助下，
his reign 8 is one of ambition abroad and ruthlessness at home. 他的统治是野心勃勃于外、冷酷无情于内的一种。
When Henry became King, the country was Catholic, and its religion was controlled by the Pope in Rome. 当亨利成为国王，国家是属于天主教的，其宗教受到罗马教宗控制。
However, when the Pope wouldn't let Henry get divorced, Henry made himself head of the church in England instead, 然而，当教宗不让亨利离婚，亨利反而就让自己成为英国的教堂领袖，
and gave himself the divorce he wanted. 并给他自己他所想要的离婚。
Later, Henry closed all the monasteries 9 and nunneries in England and took all the money from the monks 10 and nuns 11. 之后，亨利关闭了所有英国的修道院及修女院，并从修道士跟修女那拿走所有钱。
He gave the monasteries to his friends as fine houses. 他将修道院当做豪宅送给他的朋友。
This time was called the Reformation that I mentioned earlier. 这段期间就称作我稍早提到的宗教改革运动。
Anxious that his sons should follow him, Henry VIII is famed for having six wives, 担心他的儿子应该要跟随他，亨利八世以有过六任妻子出名，
and three of the queens had children who became future monarchs—Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth I. 其中三个皇后生下成为未来君主的孩子－－爱德华六世、女王玛丽、还有女王伊莉莎白一世。
Do you know the rhyme for remembering the fate of his wives? 你知道要记住他的妻子命运的押韵诗吗？
Divorced, beheaded, died. Divorced, beheaded, survived. 离婚、斩首、死亡。离婚、斩首、存活。
Henry divorced Catherine of Aragon, beheaded Anne Boleyn, 亨利和阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚、斩首安妮·博林，
and then his third wife Jane Seymour died after giving birth to her son.The future Edward VI. 接着他的第三任妻子珍·西摩在生下她的儿子后过世。这个儿子就是后来的爱德华六世。
The King then sent Holbein to foreign courts on the very important task of painting portraits of possible wives for him. 国王接着将霍尔拜因送到国外的宫廷进行为他绘制可能妻子人选的肖像这份非常重要的任务。
The plan was that Henry would choose his next wife from one of these portraits. 那计划是亨利会从这些肖像中其中一幅选出他下一任妻子。
In fact, he agreed to marry his fourth wife Anne of Cleves before he'd even seen her, trusting Holbein's portrait of her. 事实上，他甚至在他看过她之前就同意迎娶他的第四任妻子克里维斯的安妮，相信了霍尔拜因所画的她的肖像。
When he saw her in the flesh, however, the King was very rude, saying that she looked like a horse. 但是当他看到她本人，国王非常无礼，说她看起来像匹马。
He divorced her soon after. 他不久后就休了她。
His fifth wife Catherine Howard—he ordered to be beheaded. 他的第五任妻子凯瑟琳·霍华德－－他下令要斩首。
And then his last and sixth wife Catherine Parr outlived him, although only by one year. 然后他最后一任、也是第六任妻子凯瑟琳·帕尔活得比他久，虽然只有多活一年而已。
When Henry came to the throne, he was considered to be the most handsome sovereign in Europe. 当亨利登上王位后，他被认为是欧洲最英俊的君主。
But with age and illness, the King's body became abnormally big and disfigured. 但随着年龄增长和疾病，国王的身躯变得异常肿大、变形。
When Holbein painted this portrait in 1542, it was becoming increasingly difficult to represent the King honestly, 当霍尔拜因在1542年绘制这幅肖像时，那变得越来越难如实描绘出国王、
but also to present a powerful public image. 也很难呈现一个强大的公众形象。
This portrait is painted in oil on wood panel—a common material before the use of canvas became prevalent. 这幅肖像画是以油彩在木画板上绘制－－在画布的使用普及前很常见的材料。
Here Holbein has placed the three-quarter-length image of the King in a high and narrow frame. 在这里霍尔拜因将国王四分之三长度的图像放在一个又长又窄的画框中。
The overall effect is to suggest considerable power and strength—a severe and dominating figure. 整体的影响是要使人联想到相当重要的权力和力量－－一个严格统治的形象。
Henry's features are very sharply drawn 12. Don't you feel he's staring straight at you? 亨利的特色非常鲜明地被描绘出来。你没有感觉他正直直盯着你吗？
Look at the sharp line of his mouth, his cheeks, his double chin, the tuft of hair beneath his lower lip, 看看他嘴巴、他的脸颊、他的双下巴、他下唇下方的一戳胡子、
his moustache, and then his beard. 他的八字胡、然后他的胡须的清晰线条。
It was on hearing that Francis I, King of France, had a beard that Henry grew one. 那正是在听说法国国王法兰西斯一世留胡须后，亨利才开始蓄胡。
Beards went customary in England at that time. 在那时胡须在英国蔚为风潮。
Francis was Henry's great political and cultural rival. 法兰西斯是亨利在政治及文化上强大的对手。
And as Henry's hair was reddish, it was said that he had a beard that look like goat, which must have pleased him. 因为亨利的头发是淡红色的，据说他留着看起来像山羊的胡须，这一定让他很满意。
The King is wearing a black hat decorated with pearls and other jewels. 国王正戴着以珍珠和其他珠宝装饰的黑帽。
The plain, dark background to the portrait shows up the brilliant red of Henry's bell-shaped robe, 那肖像画的朴素、黑暗背景凸显出亨利那钟形长袍的亮红色，
emphasizing Henry himself and giving impact to the portrait. 强调出亨利他自己、并带给肖像一股冲击。
In his earlier works, Holbein often surrounded his sitters with objects that indicated their official position, 在他早期的作品中，霍尔拜因通常用能够暗示他们官位的物品围住他的主角，
or had some actual or symbolic 13 relevance 14. 或是运用些实际或象征的关联性。
In his later works, these objects were replaced by plain backgrounds. 在他后期的作品中，这些物品被朴素的背景所取代。
Henry's robe of silk and velvet 15 material is ornamented with an extremely intricate and detailed 16 pattern in bright gold thread. 亨利那身丝绸及天鹅绒料子的长袍，以亮金色丝线织成的极为复杂精细图样装饰。
Hobein skillfully differentiates 17 between the textures 18 of the material, the fur trimming, and the jewelry. 霍尔拜因巧妙地分别出那布料、毛皮装饰、以及珠宝的质感。
Henry wears a large golden bejeweled chain and gold rings. 亨利戴着一大串宝石装饰的金色链子和金戒指。
His robe is held shut with large gold and jewel studded fasteners. 他的袍子用钉有黄金和珠宝的钮扣扣上。
His sleeves of cloth of gold, slashed 19 over white linen 20, are also covered with jewels and gold mounds 21. 他的金色布料袖子，在白色的亚麻布上开叉，同样也以珠宝和金色突纹覆盖。
All his accessories have been carefully studied and painted. 所有他的饰品都被仔细地研究并绘制。
Henry is holding gloves in his right hand and with his left, he clasps the top of a walking stick adorned 22 with gold. 亨利右手正握着手套，而在他的左手，他紧握以黄金装饰的手杖顶端。
On the brown wood of the stick is a puzzle for you solve. 在手杖的棕色木头上是个要让你解开的谜题。
It's painted with the letter H and the number 42. Now what do you think that could mean? Any ideas? 它画上字母H还有数字42。现在你觉得那表示些什么？有任何想法吗？
I'll leave you thinking about it. We'll come back to it later. 我会让你想想看。我们稍后回来。
Now before we leave paintings, do you remember the question I asked you about Henry VIII? 现在在我们离开画作前，记得我刚刚问的有关亨利八世的问题吗？
The H and the 42. Did you work out what they meant? I bet you thought the H stood for Henry. 那H还有42。你有想出它们代表什么吗？我猜你会想H是代表亨利。
Well, the most commonly accepted view is that the H is for Holbein, the artist; 这个嘛，最普遍接受的观点是H代表霍尔拜因，那位艺术家；
and the 42 is for 1542, the year it was painted. 而42是代表1542年，它被绘制出的那年。