GRE试题一(2)
英语课
16. UPBRAlD : REPROACH ::
(A) dote : like
(B) lal: : stray
(C) vex 1 : please
(D) earn : desire
(E) recast : explain
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.
After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions
following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
lt has been known for many decades that the appear-
ance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average
cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar
flares and the flux 2 of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radia-
tion, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot (5)
cycle. But after more than a century of investigation 3. the
relation of these and other phenomena 4, known collec-
tively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrescrial weather
and climate remains 5 unclear. For example. the sunspot
cycle and the allied 6 rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been (10)
linked to periodicities discerned in records of such vari-
ables as rainhll. temperature, and winds. lnvariably,
however, the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious
statistical significance.
Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also (15)
been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in
the notes kept by European observers in the late seven-
teenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some schol-
ars to postulate 7 a brief cessation of sunspot activity at
that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The (20)
Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual
cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early
nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder mini-
mum has yet to be established, however, especially since
the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar (25)
activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scien-
tists have also sought evidence of long-term solar period-
icities by examining indirect climatological data, such as
fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These
studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial(30)
climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to contirm
the cycle’s past existenue.
If consistPn! and re!iab!e geo!sgigal~-arek-xologieal
evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant
past could be found, it might also resolve an important(35)
issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Cur-
rently, chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst
supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by
rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale
magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which(40)
mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a mag-
netic field. ln short. the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field
is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity
cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall
changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative(45)
exp)anarion supposes that the Sun’s large-sca)e magnetic
field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it
formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this
model. the solar mechanism 8 dependent on the Sun’s
magnetiC field runs down more quickly. Thus, the char-(50)
acteristics of the solar-activity cycle uvuld be expected to
change over a long period of time. Modern solar obser-
vations span too short a time to reveal whether present
cyclical solar aCtivity is a long-lived feature of the Sun,
or merely a transient phenomenon.
17. The author focuses primarily on
(A) presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar
activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them
(B) giving a brief overview 9 of some recent scientifrc developments
in s’olar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research
(C) discussing the difficulties involved in linkinl: ter- restrial
phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue
could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics
(D) pointing out the futility 10 of a certain line of sci- entific inquiry 11
into the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommendine ita
aban- donment in favor of purely 12 physics-oriented research
(E) outlinine the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has
not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern
physicists 13.
18. Which of th.e following statements about the two models of solar
activity. as they are described in lines 37-55, is accurate?
(A) In both modgls cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived
feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.
(B) Tn both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being
dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.
(C) Tn one model the Sun’s magnetic fieid is thought to play a role in
causing solar activ- ity, whereas in the other model it is not.
(D) In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial
phenomena. whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have
observable effects on the Earth.
(E) In one model cycles of solar activity with peri- odicities longer than
a few decades are con- sidered to be impossible, whereas in the other model
such cycles are predicted.
19. According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century
Chinese records are impor- tant for which of the following reasons?
(A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated
were incorrect.
(B) They syggest that the Maunder minimum can- not be related to climate.
(C) Thcy suggest that the Maunder minimum might be \-’alid only for Europe.
(D) They establish the existence of a span of unusu- ally cold weather
worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.
(E) They establish that solar activity at the tirne of the Maunder minimum
did not significantly vary from its present pattern.
20. The author implies which of the followine about currently available
geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle?
(A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 37-45.
(B) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 45-52.
(C) It is insufficient 14 to confirtn either model of solar activity described
in the third paragraph.
(D) It contradicts both models of solar activity as they are presented in
the third paragraph.
(E) It disproves the theory that terrestrial weather and solar activitv are
linked in some way.
21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the
model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following
were found ta he tme?
(A) Episodes of intense volcanic 15 eruptions 16 in the distant past occurred in
cycles having very long periodicities.
(B) At the present time the global level of thunder- storm activity increases
and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.
(C) In the distant past cyclical climatic changes had periodicities of longer
than 200 years.
(D) In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to
vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.
(E) Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar- activity cycles displayed the
same periodicities as do present-day solap-activity cycles.
22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun
during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
(A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the naked eye
(B) probably were made under the same weather conditions as those made in Europe
(C) are more reliable than European observations . made during this period
(D) record some sunspot activity during this period
(E) have been employed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar
activity occurred during this period.
23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring
thickness to locate possi- ble links between solar periodicity and terrestrial
climate are based on which of the following assump- tions?
(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period
in which the tree rings erew.
(B) The biological mechanisms 17 causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term
weather pat- terns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflecr changes in terres- trial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly 18 af~ct tree-ring
thickness.
The common belief of some linguists 19 that each
language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the
nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart
of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics
that supply and demand will regulate everything for the(5)
best. Just as economists 20 were blind to the numerous
cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual
wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to
those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage
calls forth 21 misunderstandings in everyday conversation,(10)
and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified
or defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "He took his stick,no, not John’s, but his
own." No language is perfec’t, and if we admit this truth,
we must also admit that it is not unreasonable 22 to investi-(15)
gate the relative merits of different languages or of
different details in languages.
(A) dote : like
(B) lal: : stray
(C) vex 1 : please
(D) earn : desire
(E) recast : explain
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.
After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions
following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
lt has been known for many decades that the appear-
ance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average
cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar
flares and the flux 2 of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radia-
tion, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot (5)
cycle. But after more than a century of investigation 3. the
relation of these and other phenomena 4, known collec-
tively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrescrial weather
and climate remains 5 unclear. For example. the sunspot
cycle and the allied 6 rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been (10)
linked to periodicities discerned in records of such vari-
ables as rainhll. temperature, and winds. lnvariably,
however, the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious
statistical significance.
Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also (15)
been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in
the notes kept by European observers in the late seven-
teenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some schol-
ars to postulate 7 a brief cessation of sunspot activity at
that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The (20)
Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual
cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early
nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder mini-
mum has yet to be established, however, especially since
the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar (25)
activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scien-
tists have also sought evidence of long-term solar period-
icities by examining indirect climatological data, such as
fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These
studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial(30)
climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to contirm
the cycle’s past existenue.
If consistPn! and re!iab!e geo!sgigal~-arek-xologieal
evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant
past could be found, it might also resolve an important(35)
issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Cur-
rently, chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst
supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by
rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale
magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which(40)
mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a mag-
netic field. ln short. the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field
is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity
cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall
changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative(45)
exp)anarion supposes that the Sun’s large-sca)e magnetic
field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it
formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this
model. the solar mechanism 8 dependent on the Sun’s
magnetiC field runs down more quickly. Thus, the char-(50)
acteristics of the solar-activity cycle uvuld be expected to
change over a long period of time. Modern solar obser-
vations span too short a time to reveal whether present
cyclical solar aCtivity is a long-lived feature of the Sun,
or merely a transient phenomenon.
17. The author focuses primarily on
(A) presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar
activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them
(B) giving a brief overview 9 of some recent scientifrc developments
in s’olar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research
(C) discussing the difficulties involved in linkinl: ter- restrial
phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue
could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics
(D) pointing out the futility 10 of a certain line of sci- entific inquiry 11
into the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommendine ita
aban- donment in favor of purely 12 physics-oriented research
(E) outlinine the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has
not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern
physicists 13.
18. Which of th.e following statements about the two models of solar
activity. as they are described in lines 37-55, is accurate?
(A) In both modgls cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived
feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.
(B) Tn both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being
dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.
(C) Tn one model the Sun’s magnetic fieid is thought to play a role in
causing solar activ- ity, whereas in the other model it is not.
(D) In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial
phenomena. whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have
observable effects on the Earth.
(E) In one model cycles of solar activity with peri- odicities longer than
a few decades are con- sidered to be impossible, whereas in the other model
such cycles are predicted.
19. According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century
Chinese records are impor- tant for which of the following reasons?
(A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated
were incorrect.
(B) They syggest that the Maunder minimum can- not be related to climate.
(C) Thcy suggest that the Maunder minimum might be \-’alid only for Europe.
(D) They establish the existence of a span of unusu- ally cold weather
worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.
(E) They establish that solar activity at the tirne of the Maunder minimum
did not significantly vary from its present pattern.
20. The author implies which of the followine about currently available
geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle?
(A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 37-45.
(B) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 45-52.
(C) It is insufficient 14 to confirtn either model of solar activity described
in the third paragraph.
(D) It contradicts both models of solar activity as they are presented in
the third paragraph.
(E) It disproves the theory that terrestrial weather and solar activitv are
linked in some way.
21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the
model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following
were found ta he tme?
(A) Episodes of intense volcanic 15 eruptions 16 in the distant past occurred in
cycles having very long periodicities.
(B) At the present time the global level of thunder- storm activity increases
and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.
(C) In the distant past cyclical climatic changes had periodicities of longer
than 200 years.
(D) In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to
vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.
(E) Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar- activity cycles displayed the
same periodicities as do present-day solap-activity cycles.
22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun
during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
(A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the naked eye
(B) probably were made under the same weather conditions as those made in Europe
(C) are more reliable than European observations . made during this period
(D) record some sunspot activity during this period
(E) have been employed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar
activity occurred during this period.
23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring
thickness to locate possi- ble links between solar periodicity and terrestrial
climate are based on which of the following assump- tions?
(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period
in which the tree rings erew.
(B) The biological mechanisms 17 causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term
weather pat- terns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflecr changes in terres- trial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly 18 af~ct tree-ring
thickness.
The common belief of some linguists 19 that each
language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the
nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart
of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics
that supply and demand will regulate everything for the(5)
best. Just as economists 20 were blind to the numerous
cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual
wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to
those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage
calls forth 21 misunderstandings in everyday conversation,(10)
and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified
or defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "He took his stick,no, not John’s, but his
own." No language is perfec’t, and if we admit this truth,
we must also admit that it is not unreasonable 22 to investi-(15)
gate the relative merits of different languages or of
different details in languages.
vt.使烦恼，使苦恼
- Everything about her vexed him.有关她的一切都令他困惑。
- It vexed me to think of others gossiping behind my back.一想到别人在背后说我闲话，我就很恼火。
n.流动；不断的改变
- The market is in a constant state of flux.市场行情在不断变化。
- In most reactors,there is a significant flux of fast neutrons.在大部分反应堆中都有一定强度的快中子流。
n.调查，调查研究
- In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
- He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
n.现象
- Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
- The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。
n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹
- He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
- The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
adj.协约国的；同盟国的
- Britain was allied with the United States many times in history.历史上英国曾多次与美国结盟。
- Allied forces sustained heavy losses in the first few weeks of the campaign.同盟国在最初几周内遭受了巨大的损失。
n.假定，基本条件；vt.要求，假定
- Let's postulate that she is a cook.我们假定她是一位厨师。
- Freud postulated that we all have a death instinct as well as a life instinct.弗洛伊德曾假定我们所有人都有生存本能和死亡本能。
n.机械装置；机构，结构
- The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
- The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
n.概观，概述
- The opening chapter gives a brief historical overview of transport.第一章是运输史的简要回顾。
- The seminar aims to provide an overview on new media publishing.研讨会旨在综览新兴的媒体出版。
n.无用
- She could see the utter futility of trying to protest. 她明白抗议是完全无用的。
- The sheer futility of it all exasperates her. 它毫无用处，这让她很生气。
n.打听，询问，调查，查问
- Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
- The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。
adv.纯粹地，完全地
- I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
- This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。
物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )
- For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
- Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。
adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的
- There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。
- In their day scientific knowledge was insufficient to settle the matter.在他们的时代，科学知识还不能足以解决这些问题。
adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的
- There have been several volcanic eruptions this year.今年火山爆发了好几次。
- Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。
n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 )
- There have been several volcanic eruptions this year. 今年火山爆发了好几次。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Over 200 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions. 火山喷发已导致200多人丧生。 来自辞典例句
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用
- The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adv.随便地，未加计划地
- Within the hot gas chamber, molecules are moving randomly in all directions. 在灼热的气体燃烧室内，分子在各个方向上作无规运动。 来自辞典例句
- Transformed cells are loosely attached, rounded and randomly oriented. 转化细胞则不大贴壁、圆缩并呈杂乱分布。 来自辞典例句
n.通晓数国语言的人( linguist的名词复数 )；语言学家
- The linguists went to study tribal languages in the field. 语言学家们去实地研究部落语言了。 来自辞典例句
- The linguists' main interest has been to analyze and describe languages. 语言学家的主要兴趣一直在于分析并描述语言。 来自辞典例句
n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 )
- The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
- Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adv.向前；向外，往外
- The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
- He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的
- I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
- They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。