时间:2019-02-20 作者:英语课 分类:雅思英语


英语课

   Think Before You Write.


  写作考试:想好才写。
  ielts360toefl@hotmail.com
  隐形模板:
  仔细看了试题之后,你当然要立刻思考如何回答。理当采用英文思考,办不到则兼用中文助阵。读者(考官)不必知道也不在乎你是用中文思维或是英文思维,因为决定英文作文成绩的是写作评分标准。反正写出来的英文句子是越清楚简洁正确则越精彩。反正你一定要想如何处理抽象的概念(idea),因为抽象的心思是语言的泉源。其中道理:思维引导表达。
  作文方面,在引言段无需白费心机卖关子或企图介绍已知的背景,最好一开头就申论主题。主题=你答题的立场(观点)。结构不必费事了,可以说千篇一律都是起承转合。论说文的好戏在于支持主题的内容,少不了几个论证的理由例子细节。然而真正决定分数高低的关键还是英文的表达--修辞效率,句法变化,词汇恰当。
  值得一提:写英文最好仅仅写那些你办得到的(包挂你背下来的),千万不要写那些你的能力办不到的英文,免得吃力不讨好,结果加分不足又反而扣分。考作文还得大题小作,也就是把主题的范围缩小到自己能够控制的焦点,在从焦点上引出两个论证的方向指标,预备分别作为中体两段的指标句,条条有理,支持主题。结论段是引言段的倒影,无需增加什么新点子,无非是重申主题罢了。(猫头鹰半夜鼓吹的隐形模板就是这个玩意儿。)
  应用英文能力较差的准留学生不可能经过短期培训或十天自习就以为可以突破写作单项,顶多是尽力而为而已。妄想突然改变现实的是讲究包装以美化文章的外观:一本正经,有头有尾,绝不残缺。所以即使时间再紧迫也不可以缺少结论段,佛则极为难看。写完引言,必要的时候可以跳过中体而提前处理结论。最后才补充中体两段。快快造句,写多少算多少。
  表达能力:
  雅思和托福是考英语的理解能力与表达能力。测试四项(听说读写),其中所谓理解就是输入性的听力和阅读,而表达就是指输出性的口语和写作。不少考生的兴趣比较偏向阅读与听力,而对于口语与写作比较缺乏自信。培训口语必须习惯开口才会说顺口,习惯成自然。最是手不从心的可能是写作,因为培养英文作文的兴趣的确不容易。不习惯则不自然;写作不自然则当然不顺手。
  欢迎刚入门的新手,不妨关起门来讨论,好像面临大敌的来应付写作单项。培养写作的兴趣究竟是长久之计。当务之急,假设不能力敌则只能智取。说穿了:依样画葫芦。葫芦的样子是靠谱写作评分标准。葫芦里头的信心猛药,也就是主治论说文写作的隐形模板--又狠又快又准?开头狠,造句快,论证准。
  英文作文测验没有标准答案,却有答案标准(评分标准)。就以写作单项而言,雅思与托福的评分标准并无学术性的差异。高分雅思作文=高分托福作文。猫头鹰在线写作实验室生产300+篇范文,理论上是依照评分标准画葫芦,实际上都是千篇一律的应用隐形模板。
  蒙上眼睛又如何锻炼阅读?塞住耳朵又如何锻炼听力?闭住嘴巴又如何锻炼口语?所以如果不亲自动手又如何锻炼写作--起承转合?
  不管你现在喜欢不喜欢写作,考托福考雅思之前一定要勉强自己动手习作,期待在短期内学习瞒天过海的本事。隐形模板能助你顿悟心图大纲。按照心图的思路演练多次,可望习惯成自然,造成英文表达的能力远超过自己真正的实力,真是好不让别人眼红。
  说到短期习作复习计划,假设自己逼自己每周习作一篇,则每个月至少4篇,两个月内至少8篇,多多预算,不到五个月便锻炼20篇。每作一篇可以临摹五篇切题的范文,一周20篇,两周40篇,五周100篇。
  因人而异,猫头鹰在线写作实验室提供多样的写作讲义,辅导学友,有问必答:一对一回馈。(谢振礼原创范文免费,写作讲义也免费,只有按篇数收费修改作文。4篇80美元。8篇120美元。20篇200美元。三种套餐的有效期为六个月。欢迎询问 海外教师谢振礼 ielts360toefl@hotmail.com )
  评分标准:
  作文:主题-结构-内容。
  英文:修辞-句法-字汇。
  English Composition=英文+作文
  作文=主题+结构+内容。
  Composition=Thesis+Structure+Content
  英文=修辞+句法+词汇。English=Rhetoric 1+Syntax+Lexicon 2
  托福大作文的评分标准:
  TOEFL
  iBT/Next Generation TOEFL Test
  Independent Writing Rubrics
  (ETS Scoring Standards)
  (Score 5)  An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
  --effectively addresses the topic and task
  --is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details
  --displays unity 3, progression, and coherence 4
  --displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor 5 lexical or grammatical errors
  雅思大作文的评分标准:
  IELTS
  IELTS Task 2 Writing band descriptors (public version)
  Band 9
  Task Response-- 【TR】
  *fully 6 addresses all parts of the task
  *presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas
  Coherence and Cohesion 7--【CC】
  *uses cohesion in such a way that attracts no attention
  *skillfully manages paragraphing
  Lexical Resource--【LR】
  *uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'
  Grammatical Range and Accuracy--【GRA】
  *uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility 8 and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'
  托福+雅思评分标准相通:
  猫头鹰:TOEFL+IELTS 英文作文评分标准完全一样。作文:主题-结构-内容。英文:修辞-句法-字汇。
  作文 Composition>
  主题有焦点 Thesis (well focused): Your essay presents a fully developed position in answer to the queston, fully addressing all parts of the topic and task.
  结构有组织 Structure (well organized): Your essay skillfully manages paragraphing, and is well organized and well developed. It displays unity, progression, and coherence (+cohesion).
  内容有支持 Content (well supported): Your essay presents fully extended and well supported ideas, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details.
  英文 English>
  语言效率 Rhetoric (language effectiveness): Your essay displays consistent facility in the use of language and idiomaticity (idiomatic language), though it may have minor lexical and grammatical errors.
  句型变化 Syntax (sentence variety): Your essay uses a wide range of sentence patterns with full flexibility and accuracy, demonstrating syntactic variety; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'.
  词汇恰当 Lexicon (word choice): Your essay demonstrates appropriate word choice, and uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'.
  Task Response:完整的答题--注意三件事:立场,支持,抽象。
  Task Response:完整答题--
  答题立场+论证支持+抽象逻辑
  【抽象】话题:
  议论文话题都倾向抽象概念的讨论 (discuss abstract ideas). 所以回答议论抽象的话题必须把思维逻辑化 (thinking logically)。论说文的主旨就是说服读者接受作者的立场。论证如果没有抽象的逻辑,则不足以完全支持这个立场。论证的知识(knowledge)或经验(experience)也都是逻辑化的抽象概念。
  由答题的立场而产生论说文的主题。假设布局四段【起承转合】。起=引言 【申论主题】。承+转=中体 【支持主题】。合=结论 【重申主题】。
  考生申论的主题需要举出【切题】的例子(+细节)来支持(evidential support)主题。所谓【切题】的举例,在 TOEFL 说 "specific examples";在 IELTS 说"relevant examples".
  Task (TOEFL/IELTS)--答题的【立场】(主题-焦点-指标)
  Do you agree or disagree? (To what extent do you agree or disagree?)
  Response (TOEFL/IELTS)--立场的【支持】(理由-例子-细节)
  TOEFL: Use reasons and specific examples and/or details to support your answer.
  IELTS: Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

n.修辞学,浮夸之言语
  • Do you know something about rhetoric?你懂点修辞学吗?
  • Behind all the rhetoric,his relations with the army are dangerously poised.在冠冕堂皇的言辞背后,他和军队的关系岌岌可危。
n.字典,专门词汇
  • Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon.巧克力在大多数人的字典里等同于罪恶。
  • Silent earthquakes are only just beginning to enter the public lexicon.无声地震才刚开始要成为众所周知的语汇。
n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调
  • When we speak of unity,we do not mean unprincipled peace.所谓团结,并非一团和气。
  • We must strengthen our unity in the face of powerful enemies.大敌当前,我们必须加强团结。
n.紧凑;连贯;一致性
  • There was no coherence between the first and the second half of the film.这部电影的前半部和后半部没有连贯性。
  • Environmental education is intended to give these topics more coherence.环境教育的目的是使这些课题更加息息相关。
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
n.团结,凝结力
  • I had to bring some cohesion into the company.我得使整个公司恢复凝聚力。
  • The power of culture is deeply rooted in the vitality,creativity and cohesion of a nation. 文化的力量,深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。
n.柔韧性,弹性,(光的)折射性,灵活性
  • Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
  • The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。
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学英语单词
aerial photographicsurvey
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