写作讲义样本：申论主题

 　　Jeenn Lee 谢老师写作讲义

　　教材举例：引言开头第一句
　　或雅思essay或托福essay，成功的引言第一句足以保证发展主题Thesis而延伸为成功的一篇论说文。应付英文作文考试必须提出立场Position回答试题。回答试题的立场就是论说文的主题。老习惯：开头第一句【申论主题】。(另外参考"Mapping Essay" 隐形模板示范引言第二句【集中焦点】，第三句【话分两头】。）
　　在读者眼里立刻造成不同的是作文出招。谢振礼老师Jeenn Lee Hsieh偏爱开头第一句话就立即提出立场来回答试题。这似乎是一念之间的决定，其实消耗较多分秒【悟其禅】。
　　猫头鹰再用英文解释一次: Thesis Statement (>Focus>Signposts)：
　　Keep the introduction right to the point.  The essential thing your introduction needs is one starting sentence for Thesis Statement, a second sentence for Focus, and a third sentence for two Signposts (which prepare the reader for a change in the the focus' direction toward the body paragraphs). Therefore, writing three sentences is fine in the introduction.
　　因人而异，答题的立场并没有错或对，所以独立写作的主题是自主的。每个人看问题的角度未必相同，主题的焦点也不必一样，根本没有标准答案（而只有评分标准）。答案写得逻辑精彩就是对，越精彩逻辑则评分越高。精彩的英文作文具有说服力，应用英文（修辞句法词汇）来表达论点，利用逻辑心图来串连作文（主题结构内容），自圆其说的说服读者（考官）。
　　写作单项考试，托福和雅思可以混为一谈。题目Topic多样，Task2任务相同。二者都没有典型的真题，却是有典型的任务，比方说：Do you agree or disagree? (To what extent do you agree or disagree?)  考生答题的立场有三：1. 同意。2. 不同意。3. 部分同意部分不同意。
　　此外，强调答题的三件事：Position立场（主题），Support支持（论证），Abstract抽象（逻辑）。论说文的游戏是这样: 建立答题的立场，主题因此而生。但是到底你拿什么理由而选择这个立场呢？用来支持你立场的理由可有什么例子+细节来证明呢？还有，来自知识和经验的例子+细节是不是合乎逻辑呢？knowledge知识和experience经验都是抽象的概念？
　　不妨咬文嚼字的解析托福-雅思相同任务: Thesis Statement=Essay Topic+Your Position。
　　TOEFL Task 2: 提出理由 Use reasons and (提出切题的例证) specific examples and/or details (支持你答题的立场) to support your answer. （例子+细节是来自抽象的知识和经验）
　　IELTS Task 2: 提出理由 Give reasons (支持你答题的立场) for your answer and (提出切题的例证) include any relevant examples (来自你'抽象'的知识和经验) from your own knowledge or experiece.
　　答题的第一个关键就是立场，所以引言第一句话应该是提出答题的立场，如此建立主题，而以主题牵动全局。全文的其它句子都是逻辑组合【理由+例子+细节】来支持主题。总之，没有答题的立场就不会产生主题，没有主题就不切题也不靠谱。论说文如果起头没有主题的主宰，其风险是迷失跑题而不知去向，也回不到主题的原处，等于无法自圆其说。
　　经验之谈--英文作文：七成英文（何止十年）；三成作文（无需十日）；十成练习（积极十周）。太多的作文理论好像是破录音带；太少的英文应用能力才是远离写作高分的主要原因。作文需成功的开头第一句, 还有一套千篇一律的【隐形模板】，所以复习写作的时间最好更积极的做造句练习。若考前时间来不及充电英文，就干脆笔记 清楚(clear) 简洁(conise) 正确(correct) 的3C句子背下来，包挂标点符号。应付写作考试，但愿新手（emerging writer）自己能锻炼出一种固定的思维方法，以不变应万变。
　　Editor's Tip: 打造自用写作模板，尽量少用或不用第一人称，这样子也比较具学术性。如果不用就不高兴，则允许自己在引言和结论顶多一次。想来，既然文章是作者写的，其中的立场和意见也当然是作者的，所以第一人称是多余的。用英文解释：In general, using the first person--"I", "my", "me"--is permitted but is not necessary.  Avoid using "feeling" statements, e.g., "I feel that..." "I believe that..," "I think that...", unless you are asked to do so (perhaps in the introduction and the conclusion).  If you have written this essay, we can assume that the beliefs are yours.  That is to say, if you have written this paper, we take it for granted that the opinions are yours.
　　Examples of the Opening Sentence in the introduction
　　(from Jeenn Lee Hsieh's IELTS and TOEFL Essays)
　　ielts360toefl@hotmail.com
　　>原创《谢振礼雅思范文（IELTS Essays）:
　　8441 大学功能 Though a university is an academic body, its social side should not be overlooked.
　　8436 高尚美德 With part of moral standards changing from time to time, many people might not know exactly what traits of virtue 1 are loudly talked about.
　　8434 农民进城 Young people are fleeing the farms to the cities in the hope of better economic opportunities since it is a known fact that the farmer works the hardest but gets the least amount of money.
　　8433 儿童活动 By encouraging school-age children to be engaged in doing organized activities, parents can reduce their screen time for television and the computer games.
　　8432 野心成就 High achievement often comes from following high expectations and low achievement often comes from setting realstic goals.
　　8429 越难越乐 People so not feel happier simply because a task is more challenging to do; they feel happier only when they are able to finish it satisfactorily, winning self-confidence and personal pride.
　　8431 个人独立 The comparison between the level of individual dependence 2 and that of independence in today's society is not a black and white issue.
　　8388 不得已作 Like many other things in life defined by happiness, work in particular is something that you could either enjoy doing or you could not.
　　8290 天生才能 Regarding talents, it is possible that genetics as nature and environment as nurture 3 are not mutually exclusive.
　　8293 资讯技术 In the past two decades or so, the developments in the field of information technology have brought numerous benefits to people, but not without a price.
　　8261 历史重要 Studying history is not a waste of time because an understanding of the past is a useful tool to understand the present.
　　8280 数学哲学 It pays for students to study mathematics and philosophy in order to better face the complexity 4 of adult life because such subjects can make you smarter.
　　8249 凶杀新闻 The mass media's enormous emphasis of violent crimes does not make all of us criminals.
　　8283 越吃越胖 Belly 5 inflation and market inflation are two things a world apart, each without having the other in mind.
　　8285 大众交通The municipality ought to not only make it easier for the public to use mass transport but also make it more difficult for them to use their own cars.
　　8284 经验为师 Knowledge from books is the second best teacher, next only to knowledge from experience.
　　8394 交通肇事 On the motorway 6, often it seems there might too few 'cats' in place to catch too many 'rats'.
　　8453 民间药方 It is a matter of opinions about the efficacy of alternative forms of medicine or complementary remedies.
　　8458 环保机构 Protecting the Earth from being further harmed is everybody's business, but who should be in charge of environmental issues that have been increasingly globalized?
　　8461 科学影响 It may be argued that the influence of scientists in clean style is more valuable than that of politicians in mainstream 8 fashion.
　　8256 风行玩具 The high sales of electronic game is a reflection of consumers' buying power, but it does not mean other types of games are going to be out of business anytime soon.
　　8421 钱与幸福 There is more to happiness than simply bein rich because happiness is not all that happiness is made of.
　　8291 社区义工 Although teenagers are under no obligation to do community work, an amount of volunteering on their part is beneficial to themselves and to the community at the same time.
　　8415 小学外语 Learning English as a foreign language early in life benefits students on a long-term basis.
　　8406 物竞天择 It has been ironically said that whatever living thing that humans touch is doomed 9.
　　8449 摩天大楼 Nowadays, with a growing number of high-tech 10 buildings that look alike, big cities across the planet are becoming more and more similar.
　　8399 大学免费 To advance in higher education, it is essential to get students in and through college with a fully 11 supportive government for the benefits of individuals as well as society as a whole.
　　8400 研究经费 With limited public funding, many countries tend to give priorities to research for 'hard sciences' rather than 'soft sciences'.
　　8408 民间研发 Scientific research had better be carried out by private money rather than government funding.
　　8065 未来现在 The present is where everything begins and there is no time like the present.
　　8134 广告好坏 These days it is easy to find faults with advertising 12, and yet none can deny entirely 13 that this art of persuasion 14 is good for economy.
　　8301 产品广告 Advertising is the life of trade as suppliers want to sell things in quantity; however, the success or failure of every advertisement eventually depends on the quality of a product or service.
　　8135 电子游戏 Healthy video games, like healthy diets, are good for children.
　　8321 道路阻塞 Solving the problem of severe traffic congestion 15 has risen to the top of the agenda in many urban business centers.
　　8341 全天电视 Television knows no night, but people should control their screen time.
　　8361 手机电脑
　　8119 论全球化 It is beoming clear that the growing globalization, and along with it the expanding multinational 16 companies, is not likely to benefit all the people all the time.
　　8325 手机儿童 There are alarms that mobile phone use is 'killing 17' children, although very slowly。
　　8061 动物产品 Trying to live without exploiting animals for food, clothing or medicine can be a healthy lifestyle, except that that would probably never become a fashion.
　　8068 清除污染 Money is not the only solution to pollution problems, but it can certainly make a difference by repairing the damages done to environment by human activities.
　　8100 食物运输 The food travel debate is inevitably 18 intertwined between economic interests and environmental concerns.
　　8073 崇拜明星 There is no need to be overly preoccupied 19 with the fantasy images of stars on the screen, the stage and the playing field because celebrity 20 worship is part of everyday life, particularly among young people.
　　8312 离家住校 Even though nothing is like home, living in a parent-free environment can be one of the most fun things in your college life.
　　8089 大学文凭 Don't confuse a university degree with a successful life, even though higher education can open doors to a range of economic options.
　　8258 科学研究 As can be argued, government rules can easily become obstacles to scientific achievements.
　　8054 论博物馆 Museums should feel free to charge admission so as not to entirely count on government funding, particularly in a climate of austerity.
　　8091 论图书馆 The public can still benefit from visiting libraries, even though these days access to the Internet can provide all kinds of information.
　　8389 访博物馆 Museums should feel free to charge admission so as not to entirely count on government funding, particularly in a climate of austerity.
　　8026 钱财助人 Richness is not everything that can help people, although in can always make a difference.
　　8097 穷人小孩 Poverty matters so much to children that the consequences of being short of money tend to linger even in their adult life when coping with a series of ordeals 21.
　　8260 认识邻居 Nowadays there is a growing perception that a neighbor is more like a stranger next door, and this is obviously true of a newly-established urban community where crime rates are on the rise.
　　8090 社交技巧 When it comes to employment, qualifications such as the IQ matter; and in addition, gaining social skills (the EQ) is useful for one to stand out from the crowd.
　　8103 论性教育 Despite giving rise to conflicting points of view about shame, sex education should not be suspended in schools.
　　8380 青年失业 The world is in for a worsening youth unemployment, with its causes resembling its consequences.
　　8075 遵守传统 Every generation, young and old, should be allowed freedom to deal with the breaking down of certain patterns and standards being handed down from the past.
　　8340 晚生孩子 Parenting may be as late as possible, but not later.
　　8395 健康生活 While treating illness incurs 22 high treatment costs, maintaining wellness is usually much more cost-effective.
　　8038 成功欲望 Many successful persons seem alike to have a very strong will called desire.
　　8047 失败原因 It has often been said that to avoid failures in life, it requires a strong will to construct the road to success.
　　8032 论好邻居 It is lucky to have a good neighbor as much as unfortunate to have a bad one.
　　8124 死刑辩论 About death penalty, two extreme cases can be made。
　　8296 工作满意 Hard realities such as high unemployment rates mean that some people have little choice in the kind of work they can get to their satisfaction.
　　8251 新闻报道 If you think that watching television news programs or reading newspapers is a waste of time, you could be right because it is the way most people want to digest their leisure hours.
　　8422 种族融合 Issues related to the ethnic 23 diversity vary from country to country, covering such cultural differences as race, language, and above all, religion.
　　8440 分工合作 Some of the most important life skills can be learned through doing things in a group because team work teaches each member to become 'me' rather than 'I'.
　　8424 飞机旅游 Good news and bad news are mixed when air travel and the environment are on a collision course.
　　8443 成功野心 Whe you dream to move from where you are to where you want to be, it is in your heart one of the most potent 24 and secret passions that is known as ambition.
　　8425 认同广告 A strong relationship between conformity 25 and purchasing decisions is no doubt a reflection of the power of advertisements.
　　8445 防止犯罪 Sometimes we cannot but think that crime pays, or there would be no crime.
　　8446 早学电脑 Enough is enough when it comes to teaching computer systems to children because, after all, the most important skills are reading, writing and mathematics.
　　8457 手机传讯 Will the mobile phone take the place of traditional letter-writing completely, and when was the last time you received a letter full of rambling 26 details?
　　8459 远程办公 With all its benefits to communities and employees as well as employers, telecommuting has become to be viewed as a complement 7 rather rather a substitute for work in the workplace.
　　8462 垃圾社会 Ours is a throw-away society strongly influenced by consumerism as we value convenience over environmental protection.
　　8466 当地博馆 Museums are usually sites of attraction for visitors from elsewhere rather than for local habitants.
　　8468 男人家务 Housework and child-care ought to be shared by full-time 27 working men and women 'naturally' which means 'unevenly 28'.
　　8474 儿童广告 Television is said to be mostly children's television, considering that most advertisements about junk food and toys are targeting at small boys and girls.
　　8476 亲戚疏远 Family members are not as close as in the past because of social and economic evolution.
　　8480 都市问题 Big cities often have big problems, with air pollution and traffic jam being high on the agenda.
　　8481 家族关系 Nowadays family members seem not close enough because the concept of the family being the nucleus 29 of the society has changed.
　　8482 学童电脑 Young children can be negatively affected 30 by too much time spent on the computer every day, regardless of what they are using the computer for.
　　8483 看书乐趣 If you could enjoy reading, the realm of books would become some kind of paradise which is not to be experienced in watching television soley for entertainment.
　　8484 学童用功 Between fun and sleep, children nowadays are expected to study as much as they should.
　　8487 外国文化 It is common to experience culture shock when travelling to other countries with different traditions and customs, particularly for an extended period of time.
　　8488 汽油涨价 To solve growing traffic and pollution problems, increasing the price of petrol should not be considered as a strategy that would 'kill two birds with one stone'.
　　>原创《谢振礼托福范文（TOEFL Essays）:
　　5438 相近朋友 You could be either right or wrong when trying to judge a person from the kind of friends that person has.
　　5442 通才专才 In a world of dogmatic specialists, it is the generalists who end up running the show.
　　5428 恶有恶报 The notion that good begets 31 good and evil leads to evil  is one which ought to be regarded as a conventional truth in fiction as well as in life.
　　5419 过分自由 Bewteen then and now, children have been given much freedom, so today's younger people do not pay enough attention to the older people's advice.
　　5417 分忧问题 A problem might become half of a burden when you share with the people who at heart care for you.
　　5387 白色谎言 Taking into consideration any relationship worthy 32 of cherishing, even those honorable people who highly stress the importance of honesty choose lying when necessary.
　　5313 明星显贵 All kids of celebrities 33, political as well, cannot expect any more privacy than a mid-summer night's brilliant stars can hide from public attention.
　　5273 古老发明 Modern technology is full of wonders, but probably none of these can be compared with the invention of the wheel in terms of the extent of change to which it has benefitted the life of ordinary people.
　　5282 天生领导 Leadership is about being charismatic, something mysterious people are born with, rater than something obvious they decide to do.
　　5300 贵买国货 Quality matters as much as price when people buy things, and it does not really matter whether such things are made in their own country or same things made elsewhere.
　　5247 论创造力 Being creative can solve almost any problem by defeating the established rules that might have caused that problem.
　　5248 论不友善 In the modern society as we know it, there is a strange perception that being friendly is somewhat out of fashion.
　　5250 人狗为友 People often treat their pets (dogs rather than cats) like members of the family, and specifically acquiring a dog is the only chance they can have to choose a relative.
　　5450 虎父虎子  It is not only flesh and blood but also the family environment at heart that parents influence their children in a variety of ways.
　　5451 儿童肥胖 Ironically, childhood obesity 34 is among the easiest to recognize and the most difficult to treat.
　　5452 与众不同 Success is often a mixture of results from imitation and originality 35.
　　5463 童年时期 The best part of all life's seasons is our childhood because after that different kinds of problems seem to appear endlessly, beginning with probably the most stressful teenage years.
　　5465 进步祸福 As often as not, what we call progress is one problem in exchange for another problem.
　　5382 一年四季 To be interested in the changing seasons is supposed to be in a happier state of mind than to be only in love of spring forever.
　　5401 员工效率 By investing more in improving the efficiency and proficiency 36 of its employees, a big company can gain more dollars through innovation.
　　5398 祖孙之间 Apparently 37, grandparents nowadays do not give as much advice as grandparents did about a century ago.
　　5263 家庭作业 While helping 38 children with homework is understandable, especially those who are struggling with assignments, doing their homework is parental 39 involvement going bad.
　　5447 学习动机 High school can be a tough time for unmotivated students who happen to find a school subject to be farm brom being a piece of cake.
　　5448 大学教授 If the image of a university matters, professors should be role models in their relationships with students and with the academic disciplines to which they are dedicated 40.
　　5413 应变能力 Nowadays, employers are highly selective: requiring employees to have both academic proficiency and social flexibility 41.
　　5111 物以类聚 Do friends of a kind tend to flock together like birds of the same feather?
　　5033 团队合作 It has often been said that a job worth doing is worth doing together.
　　5129 电影风行 Nothing that is boring or expensive or both can be very popular, which is certainly not the case with films.
　　5390 汽车飞机 Although the invention of the airplane did revolutionalize the world's long-distance travelling, what has actually changed the way people live would be the car.
　　5288 了解异国 Now that printed circulations are dying, people are turning to television, radio and the Internet as the main sources of information about what is going on across the globe.
　　5391 幼儿教育 It is universally acknowledged that primary education should be compulsory 42 and higher education would be optional.
　　5393 错中学习 Children from time to time make different kinds of mistakes--initially many of which are natural but later other mistakes could turn out to be undesirable 43.
　　5088 名人明星 Famous persons deserve no more privacy than do other people for reasons better understood by children playing 'hide and seek'.
　　5394 名人意见 Opinions of young celebrities are more attentively 44 heard, even believedm by the younger people than by the older people who have their own role models apart.
　　5342 工作遥远 It is not easy having a job far away from home, but it is an essential part of the work-family life。
　　5114 吸烟有害 Anti-smoking campaigns have in the past decades won many battles without the possibility of winning the war anytime soon.
　　5252 背井离乡 There are times when the decision to move away can affect some of your old friendships.
　　5042 晚睡晚起 Nowadays the formula for success is rise early, work late and strike it rich.
　　5439 家人相助 Help from one's family is a great advantage to one's achieving success, in the faster and easier way.
　　5423 课外阅读 By doing it on their own and doing it according to instructions from teachers, students can develop their reading skills to feed their academic minds, while beating the influence of television.
　　5426 当代难题 How to cut dependence on petroleum 45 and set the world free is the most important issue affecting us in the present age, and this problem is expected to be solved, as it should be, within our lifetime.
　　5454 工作为名 For people who enjoy money and fame, money is good and social status is better.
　　5455 工作为利 More than fame and praise, money is the most important motivational factor that people work, live and die.
　　5456 全民教育 Economy matters a lot and education pays off in the long run.
　　5460 电影电视 Movies and television do affect the way people behave, and who will argue otherwise.
　　5464 耐心策略 Patience is either a good strategy of waiting and hoping or a bad one of losing time and opportunities.
　　5471 昔日教师 From then until now, the influence of school masters on students has been on the decline due largely to two factors: the modern family and the information technology.
　　5472 环保问题 Human activity is harming our planet, although very slowly.
　　5122 地球升温 Much is known about the cause and effect of climate change, but it seems that not enough is done to avert 46 this phenomenon called 'global warming'.
　　5473 不同衣服 Human beings have learned to cover their bodies originally for protecion from natural elements rather than for changing behaviors.
　　5477 艺术科学 It is hard to imagine what our world would be like without the contributions of both scientists and artists to society.
　　5475 大小公司 What motivates a person to work is the quantity of money rather than the size of a company.
　　5478 患难朋友 Each friendship can serve a purpose in your life--some just for fun and some offering much more.
　　5479 论好上司 Most people like to think that they are smarter than their stupid bosses and that, when the boss is away, work becomes holiday.
　　5485 领导特质 Leaders must be partners with other people in the modern world since they no longer can lead solely 47 on positional power.
　　5322 都市安家 Hardly can you take care of your family members the way you like unless all of you live 'happily' together anywhere, preferably in modern cities of course.
　　5486 领导口才 Contrary to the common belief that good communication skill is vital to becoming a leader, actually leadership is practiced not so much in words as in actions that inspire confidence.