时间:2019-02-18 作者:英语课 分类:雅思英语


英语课

   在雅思写作的教学过程中,有机会批改了大量同学的雅思作文,在这些作文当中,有大量的同学并不了解英汉两种语言的基本差别,从而以汉语思维直接照搬到英语上来,写出了很多富有“中国特色”的句子,因此,本文将向同学们简要介绍英汉写作中最核心的表达差异,以期对同学的雅思写作有所帮助。


  英语重形合,汉语重意合
  英语是一种非常讲究语法的语言,而语法关系则通过一定的外显形态标记来表现;而中文则不用形态变化,靠词序、虚词、上下文关系等来表达语法关系。正如王力先生在《中国语法理论》“欧化的语法”一章中说:中国话里多用意合法,联结成分并非必须;西文多用形合法,联结成分在大多数情况下是必不可少的。” 如:
  他正在看这本书。He is reading this book.
  他已经看了这本书。He has read this book.
  这个例子比较简单,很多同学对此已经比较熟悉了,但是在写作中却经常有同学在这些方面错误不断。
  在汉语里,句子和句子之间通过内在的意义而非形式的逻辑关系来连接,因此常常省略连词、代词等成分。如:
  要大力弘扬新时代的雷锋精神!
  发展体育运动,增强人民体质!
  因此我们可以看出,在汉语中,连接手段是非必须的,人们完全可以通过全句整体来判断出词语前后隐含的关系。而在英文中,这种隐含的关系必须被“显性”化。如:
  他买了台电脑,花了六千块。
  就绝对不能写成:He bought a computer, spent 6000 yuan.
  而必须写成:He bought a computer which cost him 6000 yuan.或 He spent 6000 yuan on a computer.
  他今天没来,妈妈住院了。
  就不能写成:He is absent today, mother is ill.
  而要写成:He is absent today because his mother is hospitalized.
  这种只求“意思”不讲“形式”的句子在汉语里比比皆是,如:
  我们换个地方,教室正在上课呢!
  现在很饿了,我们去吃食堂!
  十块钱一下子就花光了!
  如果不考虑英汉的差别,直接按照中文思维写出:We change a place,the classroom is having a class./ Now is hungry, we go to eat the dining hall./Ten yuan spends finished. 之类则要闹出大笑话来。
  英语前重心,汉语后重心
  先来看一个例子,一封来自学员的E-mail:
  Dear Kevin,
  Though I know you are busy, will you give me some minutes, I had to go to work as long as I finished the class today, so I am off duty until now because the problem of double roles made me so boring and tired ,I work in a hospital and it is also teaching hospital ,and I will be a player to attend teaching competition,too much things I have to face and even these days I had to stay up all night. will you do me a favour that tell me how to balance the  problem between work and study?Latter I will email the homework to you which you gave me this afternoon .
  yours truly
  XXX
  这是一封非常典型的中式思维的信件。中式的思维是按照自然顺序展开论述,如:按照时间先后,先说先发生的,后说后发生的;按照逻辑关系,则按照事物发展的先后逻辑顺序展开,先说前提、原因、条件、方式、手段等,后说结果。而英文则按照重点顺序展开论述,把重要的观点、态度、结论等交代清楚,开门见山,然后再展开叙述次要信息,如理由、条件、事实、例证等等。即:英文将语意的中心要放在前面,然后娓娓道来,分解叙事。了解这一点,对于同学们展开雅思作文的段落非常有用。
  回过头来看这封E-mail,如果一个外国人看到,肯定一头雾水,因为他不知道你这封信的重点是什么,因为信件的开头大段讲述个人的情况、经历等等,而直到最后才提出问题。如果按照英语的思维,应该开门见山的向收信人提出问题,然后再展开细节进行叙述。
  1.   英文先结果,后原因。
  因为我爱他而不是恨他,所以我才会批评他。
  I criticized him, not because I hate him but because I love him.
  也许校园生活并非总像想象中的那样,所以很多学生才会感到失落。
  Many students feel lost because campus life is not always what they imagined.
  2.       英文先结论,后叙事
  经过多年的努力,我们终于解决了这个难题。
  We have solved the problem after many years’ hard work.
  3.       英语先表态,后叙事
  是什么导致了人的犯罪,我们还不能确定。
  We are still not sure what causes people to commit a crime
  死记硬背有很多的局限性,这一点我们必须承认。
  We should admit that rote 1 learning has a number of limitations.

n.死记硬背,生搬硬套
  • Learning by rote is discouraged in this school.这所学校不鼓励死记硬背的学习方式。
  • He recited the poem by rote.他强记背诵了这首诗。
标签: 雅思作文
学英语单词
-wick
abite
aequator lentis
anti-torque rotor
articles of consumption
automotive exhaust
balasees
Belarusan
black-boards
BOS (back-out system)
business-process reengineering (bpr)
bustler
cartbote
casade amplification
cervical membrane
clearness number
climacteric melancholia
collateral value
compacting press
complete formula feed
daequan
david-and-goliath
die for pipe thread
differential-pressure cell
e.&e.o.
EAI, E.A.I.
effective core diameter
elementary cooperative
existentialisms
f.i.l.o.
factor antithesis
fairship
first-in first-out list
fix-point estimation
forward line of troops (flot)
gempylid
glue applicator
graphic optimization
grave-dressing phase
Homo erectus lantianensis
ignis St.Ignatii
jabusch
leaf spot of tea
lifting expenses
linearity coil
LP piston
monkeywrenches
Morshanskiy Rayon
MOSRAM MOS (random access memory)
Moulay-Idriss
Multilyte
Napoleonian
narcinid
national dose
negative cut-off grid voltage
Neo Latin
nodular(melanoma)
normal mode
octosyllabic
oligodendroglial cell
on-line document retrieval system
Onchocerca gibsoni
over-dimensioned
paishi granules,paishi keli
Philadelphia chromosome,Ph chromosome
plicae sigmoidea
polyethersulfones
ponkal
privilege of parliament
proportion of mixture
protein energy malnutrition
puts through
qualitative histology
quick operation blower valve
quinine carbolate
random mating
relative humidities
reloading procedure
resolution of amino acld
riveting joint
rodnt ulcer
sarellas
SC (semi-conductor)
semanotus bifasciatus sinonauster
semifactual
Shinowara-Jones-Reinhart method
sliver lay-in circular knitting machine
sodium morrhuate
Spanish omelets
stack friction
steel horseboats
sunken meadow
tirupatis
Turpinia
venosity
vigorous economic growth
werewolfish
whip apparatus
wick lubricator
Wilks' symptom complex
X-ray photograph, X-ray picture
zig-zag fold