时间:2019-02-18 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

   金融英语辅导:美国的银行业系统(双语)


  The Commercial Banking 1 System Today in the United States
  Several of the characteristics of American banking just discussed carry over into today‘s commercial banking system. Prominent among these is the dual 2-chartering system; that is, we continue to have commercial bank charters issued at two different levels of government. National banks receive their charters from the Comptroller of Currency~。 Any national bank must have somewhere in its corporate 3 title the word “national”。 Thus, for example, “Wells Fargo Bank, National Association” indicates that this bank has a federal charter. All national banks must be members of the Federal Reserve System.
  Most banks, however, receive their charters from the appropriate agency of their respective state. They are under the supervision 4 of their state’s banking authority. However, state-chartered commercial banks may elect to become members of the Federal Reserve System, but this not mandatory 5 for them as it is for national banks. If state-chartered banks~ elect membership in the Federal Reserve System, they come under the supervision of two banking authorities, state and national.
  Thus, the American commercial banking system is comprised of two types of banks: the member banks of the Federal Reserve System which are national banks and those state-chartered banks electing membership; and nonmember state-chartered banks. Today‘ s banking system in the United States is comprised of more than 14,000 individual banks. Of this number, well under 50 percent are member banks of the Federal Reserve System——only 5,788 commercial banks out of a total of 14,633, or roughly 40 percent. These member banks, however, commanded the largest share of commercial banks resources, about three-fourths as of June 30, 1976. They held over three-fourths of deposits subject to check, $202,144 million as of the same date, which represented some 67 percent of our total money supply.
  Although the national banks did~ continue a considerable advance in American commercial banking development, they also brought with them disadvantages. Their improvements included the establishment of a safe, uniform currency and a reduction in the number of commercial bank failures through strengthening due to more conservative standards of regulation and examination. There also developed a measure of correspondent banking relations through the provision for regarding, deposits in reserve city and central reserve city banks as reserves. But this last feature also was the System’s greatest weakness. The National Bank System provided for the concentration go existing reserves into the city banks, but no provision was made for the creation of new reserves when necessary.
  In our discussion, these two characteristics of present-day commercial banks will be in the forefront of much of our analysis: First, commercial banks create deposit liabilities against themselves, instead of note issue as the early banks did; and second, commercial banks today hold a wide variety of earning assets, not just short-term, self-liquidating loans~。 One thing, however, continues to be just as true today as it was in the days of the banker: creation of money occurs when two opposite transactions take place simultaneously 6 between the commercial bank and the customer~ The commercial bank increases its debt to the customer, and the customer puts himself into debt to the bank by the same amount. This simultaneous exchange of liabilities is significant because one of the debts created——the demand deposit liability——is money while the other-the loan——earns income for the bank.
  From Money and Banking
  NOTES
  1.dual chartering system 双轨(银行)注册制,指商业银行既可以在联邦注册,也可在各州注册。这一制度为美国所特有。
  2.National banks 国民银行,在美国指在联邦注册的商业银行。
  3.ComptrollerofCurrency壬塑生生里宣(隶属于财政部),是美国金融监管职能部门之一,与美联储共同承担金融业的监管职能。
  4.Federal Reserve System 联邦储备体系,即美国的中央银行(体系),通常可简称为美联储。
  5.state-chartered banks 在州注册的商业银行,通常称为州立银行。
  6.moneysupply 货币供应,包括货币供应量和货币供给行为两方面内容,是指银行系统通过其资金运用向社会注入货币的数量以及相应的行为过程。
  7.Although the national banks did …did在此处表示强调,可译为“确实”。
  8.correspondent banking 代理行业务,指某一银行委托其它银行代为办理某些业务的关系。
  9.note issue 指中央银行制度建立之前,各商业银行自己发行银行券的业务活动。
  10.self-liquidating loans 自我清偿贷款,指商业银行向有物资保证且清偿力较高的企业发放的短期贷款。
  参考资料:
  美国的银行体系
  自1782年美国第一家银行——北美银行(Bank.fNorthAmerica)成立以来,美国金融业经过长达200多年的发展,目前已形成了一个以商业银行为主,包括中央银行、储蓄机构、投资银行和政府专业性银行在内的庞大体系。
  一、美国的联邦储备体系(Federal Reserve System)
  联邦储备体系,即美国的中央银行。它是根据1913年12月23日美国总统威尔逊签署的联邦储备法而建.立起来的,简称联储(FED)。
  联储的组成包括以下几部分:(1)联邦储备银行。联邦储备银行共有12家,分别设在波士顿、纽约、费城、克利夫兰、里土满、亚特兰大、芝加哥、圣·路易斯、明尼阿波利斯、堪萨斯、达拉斯和旧金山。它们在各自负责的地区执行中央银行的职能。除以上12家联邦储备银行外,凡根据联邦法律在联邦注册成立的国民银行都必须参加联邦储备体系,成为成员银行。其他根据各州法律在州政府注册成立的银行,如符合条件并愿意参加联邦储备体系的,则可自愿申请加入。(2)联邦储备委员会。联邦储备委员会(FRB)设在首都华盛顿,由7名理事组成,负责管理整个联邦储备体系。理事会成员和主席均由总统任命。该委员会负责制定有关法律规则并监督其实施,制定和审查批准储备金要求、存款最高利率及贴现率等。(3)联邦公开市场委员会。联邦公开市场委员会负责制定联储的短期货币政策,由12名成员组成,包括联储委员会理事及部分联储银行行长。该委员会所制定的货币政策通过设在纽约联储银行的公开市场桌(Open Market Desk),在一个称之为“公开市场帐户”的特殊帐户买卖美国政府和联邦机构的债券及承兑银行票据来实现。(4)联邦咨询委员会。联邦咨询委员会由每个联邦储备区选派一名成员组成,是一个政策咨询和建议机构。
  美国联邦储备体系的特点在于:(1)联储体系不是由联邦政府控制,而是由12个地区联储银行和联储委员会共同执行中央银行职能。(2)联储体系由成员银行共同拥有,而不是由联邦政府所有,其性质是私有的,具有很强的独立性,在制定和执行货币政策时不需要得到政府和国会的批准。
  二、美国的商业银行体系
  商业银行是美国银行体系的中坚力量。多年来,美国的商业银行体系形成了其独特的形式,主要有以下几方面特点: .
  1.双轨银行制度
  按对商业银行的管血体制划分,美国的商业银行可分为在联邦政府注册的国民银行和在州政府注册的州立银行两种,这就是美国独特的双轨银行制度。国民银行必须是联邦储备体系的成员银行,受财政部货币总监、联储和联邦存款保险公司的监督管理。州银行则不一定要参加联储及联邦存款保险公司。
  长期以来,美国的商业银行总数一直保持在1万家以上。其中国民银行占50%左右。但国民银行中有许多是实力雄厚的大银行,如花旗银行(City Bank)、大通银行(Chase Manhattan Bank)、美洲银行(Bank of American)等等。这些银行也是美国主要的国际性大银行。
  2.单一银行制度
  单一银行制度是在三十年代世界性经济危机后在美国实行的,其目的是为了保证银行经营的安全性。单一银行制度的内容是不允许银行跨州设立分支机构,同时商业银行也不能经营投资银行业务。因此美国商业银行的经营无论是在地域范围还是业务范围上都受到很大限制。
  80年代以来,金融自由化的浪潮遍及全球,美国的单一银行制度也受到了很大冲击,商业银行纷纷要求放松这方面的限制以适应日趋激烈‘的竞争,有关法律已有所松动,美国商业银行的经营的自由度正在逐步扩大。
  3.联邦存款保险公司
  美国的联邦存款保险公司是根据1933年的银行法令建立起来的。根据有关法律规定,各银行要向联邦存款保险公司缴纳保险基金,而联邦存款保险公司有责任在投保银行倒闭时保证存款人的财产不致受到损失。此外,该公司还拥有检查监督的权力,成为会员银行的后盾。
  三、其他金融机构
  除商业银行外,美国还有其他一些金融机构,主要有以下几类:
  1.储蓄机构。储蓄机构不是银行,但是能够向商业银行一样吸收存款,并把它作为主要资金来源。储蓄机构的资金原来主要投资于消费领域,但自80年代以来,大量转向其他领域。
  储蓄机构主要可分为三类:(1)储贷机构。储贷机构是在联邦或州注册的金融机构,按照法律规定,这些机构的贷款必须大部分用于住房抵押贷款,其管理机构为联邦住宅贷款银行董事会和联邦储蓄和贷款保险公司。储贷机构又可分为合作社和股份公司两种形式。(2)互助储蓄银行。互助储蓄银行是由存款者所拥有的合作存款金融机构。其管理由一个受托人委员会(理事会)任命的管理人员负责。互助储蓄银行的资产主要投放于抵押贷款和抵押贷款证券上,也有相当比重投放于政府证券、公司债券和其他贷款上。(3)信用社。信用社为非盈利性酌合作金融机构,为会员提供个人贷款等银行服务。信用社由会员选出董事会,其他管理人员则由董事会任命。信用社成员必须由有一定联系的人员(如同一公司工作的员工)组成。
  2.投资机构。美国的投资机构主要包括以下几类:(1)投资银行公司。美国的投资银行业十分发达,有许多世界著名的投资公司,如美林公司、摩根·斯坦利公司、所罗门兄弟公司等。投资银行公司的基本业务有四类:承购包瘸薪发行证券;经纪和交易;资金管理;其他收费业务。(2)证券经纪与交易公司。这些公司的资产以短期存款和证券、证券信贷(向客户提供购买证券的信贷)和公司股票为主。这些公司又可分为经纪公司和交易公司两种类型。(3)货币市场合作基金,也称货币市场基金,是一种合作基金形式的投资公司,其股票不在市场挂牌,在证券与交易委员会注册。(4)其他投资公司,包括固定信托投资公司、封闭式基金和小企业开发公司等。
  3.保险公司。保险公司服务的基本作用是在计划和活动方面给企业和个人提供更高的确定性。为了提供保险,保险公司要持有大量资产。这些资产的持有和现金的流人与流出使保险公司能够起到把资金从一个部门转移到另一个部门的作用,因此也属于金融机构的范畴。保险公司按照业务性质可分为人寿保险公司和财产保险公司两类;按照组织形式又可分为股份公司和合作公司。
  除此以外,美国的金融机构还包括财务公司、抵押贷款公司、房地产投资信托公司、金融服务公司等,这些金融机构在美国的金融体系中同样发挥着重要作用。

n.银行业,银行学,金融业
  • John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
  • He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。
adj.双的;二重的,二元的
  • The people's Republic of China does not recognize dual nationality for any Chinese national.中华人民共和国不承认中国公民具有双重国籍。
  • He has dual role as composer and conductor.他兼作曲家及指挥的双重身分。
adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的
  • This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
  • His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。
n.监督,管理
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
adj.命令的;强制的;义务的;n.受托者
  • It's mandatory to pay taxes.缴税是义务性的。
  • There is no mandatory paid annual leave in the U.S.美国没有强制带薪年假。
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地
  • The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
  • The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。
标签: 金融英语
学英语单词
a happy family
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