时间:2019-02-13 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

 1.词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中,编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻“Using the right word at theright time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for theoccasion:it is a courtesy to others, and a favor to yourself—a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.”

显然,说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国,古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想,因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

2.词语选择的可能性

实际上,我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库,只要我们肯去发掘,往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。从客观条件广看,我们有各种类型的词典和参考书,只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读,写作时勤查考,就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然,一部好词典也不会毫无缺点,更难以面面俱到,因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话:

Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected togo quite true.

3.词语选择的三项标准

关于择语标准,人们说法不一,但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然,某词语用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼,还要看其具体使用场合,包括同其他词语搭配等。

1)择语的准确性

准确性,就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式,正如有句英语俗语所言:

Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must beunderstood.

著名美国作家马克·吐温说:“用词准确与用词几乎准确,这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”

(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as thatbetween lighting 1 and the lighting bug 2.)

为了择语准确,必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说,含义各不相同:

He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback 3 latest experiment.

The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.

Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after theearthquake in that area.

反之,也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义,如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal 4 in the dumps,low等词语表示。

要做到准确选择,有必要注意词语的两种意义:“基本意义”(denotation)和"引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身,或客观的固有含义,后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义,往往比较含蓄,带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顾客问营业员:“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的,当然并不是说质量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思,这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。

选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上,需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族,在一定的条件下可以转化,如

labor 5一词通常带抽象含义,但并非一成不变。试比较:

A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.

B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.

上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义,泛指各种社会劳动,B句中labor为具体含义,特指WAW,即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。

2)择语的鲜明度

准确性是鲜明度的前提,也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而,鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标,为此,应从两个方面加以注意:

A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语,如:do somethingfor(不用perform,accomplish),用end/finish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。

B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想,因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去:

mutual 6 aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other,(an entirely)completeconfidence,repeat the question(again),return(back) from abroad,etc.

3)择语的生动感

生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的,否则,单纯追求生动或优雅,就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风,这是应当避免的



n.照明,光线的明暗,舞台灯光
  • The gas lamp gradually lost ground to electric lighting.煤气灯逐渐为电灯所代替。
  • The lighting in that restaurant is soft and romantic.那个餐馆照明柔和而且浪漫。
n.虫子;故障;窃听器;vt.纠缠;装窃听器
  • There is a bug in the system.系统出了故障。
  • The bird caught a bug on the fly.那鸟在飞行中捉住了一只昆虫。
n.退步,挫折,挫败
  • Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。
  • She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。
adj.阴沉的,凄凉的,令人忧郁的,差劲的
  • That is a rather dismal melody.那是一支相当忧郁的歌曲。
  • My prospects of returning to a suitable job are dismal.我重新找到一个合适的工作岗位的希望很渺茫。
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
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学英语单词
-phasia
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landside slope
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UnitName
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WILKIE
windowless presenter
withdraw an action
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