时间:2019-02-06 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

英语中大多数介词含义灵活,一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外,大量介词需要从其基本意义出发,联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种基本译法。


(1)转译:英语中常用介词来表达动作意义。汉译时,可将介词转译成动词。


①在作表语的介词短语中,介词常转译为动词,而联系动词则省略不译。如:This machine is out of repair.这台机器失修了。


②在作目的或原因状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:

The plane crushed out of control.这架飞机失去控制而坠毁。

The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.通常用E这个字母表示电动势。


③在作条件、方式或方法状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:

But even the larger molecules 1 with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the best optical microscope.但是,即使有几百个原子的分子也太小,用最好的光学显微镜也看不见它们。


④介词短语作补足语时,其中介词常转译成动词。如:

Heat sets these particles in random 2 motion.热量使这些粒子作随机运动。


(2)增译:增词不是无中生有,而是要根据上下文特别是与介词搭配的动词或形容词的含义加得恰当。有不少情况,句中与介词搭配的动词或形容词不出现,如照原文结构无法把意思表达清楚,甚至易于误解时,这就需要增词。如:That's all there is to it. 那就是与此有关的全部内容。(原句中 to=related to)


The engineer was taken ill with consumption.It was flour on the lungs,the doctor told him at the time.这个工程师得了肺病,那是由于面粉对肺部的影响而造成的,当时医生是这样对他说的。(on=effect)


因此,熟悉介词与动词或形容词的习惯搭配是增词并正确理解词义的一种重要手段。


(3)分译:介词短语作定语时,往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时,有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时,有的可以拆句分译。


①译成并列分句。

The porous 3 wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules.多孔壁的作用就象一把筛子,它把不同质量的分子分开。


②译成让步分句。

With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.这个设计尽管有种种缺点,仍被认为最佳设计之一。


③译成真实或虚拟条件分句。

Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth.人的血液是热的,如果得不到一定的热量,人就难以长期在海水中生活。


④译成原因分句。

We cannot see it clearly for the fog.由于有雾,我们看不清它。


⑤译成目的分句。

This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound..为了便于研究起见,通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。


(4)不译:不译或省略翻译是在确切表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练,合乎汉语规范,决不是任意省略某些介词。


①表示时间或地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都不译。如:

There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。


②有些介词如for(为了),from(从……),to(对……),on(在……时)等,可以不译。如:

Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.

大多数物质热胀冷缩。


③表示与主语有关的某一方面、范围或内容的介词有时不译,可把介词的宾语译成汉语主语。如:

Something has gone wrong with the engine.这台发动机出了毛病。

Gold is similar in color to brass 4. 金子的颜色和黄铜相似。


④很多of介词短语在句中作定语,其中of(……的)往往不译出。如:

The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors.电能变为机械能是通过电动机实现的。(of短语和change在逻辑上有主谓关系,可译成立谓结构。)


(5)反译:在很多情况下,有的介词短语如不从反面着笔,译文就不通,这时必须反译。如:


①beyond, past,against等表示超过某限度或反对…时,其短语有时用反译法。如:

It is post repair.这东西无法修补了。

There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet.有些观点不同意这颗行星上有生物。


②off, from等表示地点,距离时,有时有反译法。如:

The boat sank off the coast.这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。


③but,except,besides等表示除去、除外时,有时用反译法。

Copper 5 is the best conductor but silver.铜是仅次于银的最优导体。


④from,in等介词短语作补足语时,有时用反译法。如:

The signal was shown about the machine being order.信号表明机器设有毛病。


“一个词脱离上下文是不能翻译的”(索伯列夫),没有上下文就没有词义。介词的翻译须根据上下文和词的搭配灵活处理,切忌作对号入座的机械翻译。

 



分子( molecule的名词复数 )
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
adj.随机的;任意的;n.偶然的(或随便的)行动
  • The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
adj.可渗透的,多孔的
  • He added sand to the soil to make it more porous.他往土里掺沙子以提高渗水性能。
  • The shell has to be slightly porous to enable oxygen to pass in.外壳不得不有些细小的孔以便能使氧气通过。
n.黄铜;黄铜器,铜管乐器
  • Many of the workers play in the factory's brass band.许多工人都在工厂铜管乐队中演奏。
  • Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。
n.铜;铜币;铜器;adj.铜(制)的;(紫)铜色的
  • The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
  • Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。
学英语单词
actorishness
ad server
AK-Chlor
all-breed
alpha key
anthropometrically
armenites
Askira
Bastia Mondovi
batch production process
battles of atlanta
beraying
bismuthi-cerii salicylas
boob juice
business peoples
business slack
cathodic corrosion
cattleships
constant-height chart
crater arc
crocodile shearingmachine
crucifers
Daga, Khawr
damask plum
damp sand
deadweight tonnage (dwt)
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
denumerate
depression tank
e1
end height of floating roof
equidistant section
errorless and rippleless
exodos
fluvial fan
fly wheel moment
front line production brigade
genus Nitella
glisseo
globose
goldened
goutiers
grass root
ground-object spec-troradiometer
grower washer
Guarani
hand props
hell-bender
helmi
heredo-familiar
high-rate aeration settling
Homblières
if not
insource
Iris maackii
ligamentum vocal
lymphocyte defined antigen
main reservoir
mcneish
menstrual fluid
mutual surge impedance
no not room enough to swing a cat
non-Riemannian geometry
nonprimary product
observation space
os cuneiforme ii
Penning gauge
planing angular surface
polydirectional mutation
positive feedback link
power switchboard
premature infants
quenching constant
rear mill table
rebreeding time
reestablishes
regional metamorphic deposit
remoteindicator
reproductive biology
reservoir bubble-point
resident inspector
residual bilinearization
Rubbia,Carlo
San Francisco Bay
Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis
screenlets
sexfoiled
shatters
sportsfishermen
steel graphitic
stranglehold
sucks shit
Summer Associate
thallium beam clock
the taiga
track selection decoder
transpassivation
unprobable
Vedāranniyam
water leakiness
waveguide element
zeilanite