中国全面推动制造强国战略,引发欧美担忧

 　　BEIJING — China has charted out a $300 billion plan to become nearly self-sufficient by 2025 in a range of important industries, from planes to computer chips to electric cars, as it looks to kick-start its next stage of economic development.

　　北京——中国在启动下一个经济发展阶段之际，制定了一项耗资3000亿美元的计划，到2025年之前要在包括飞机、计算机芯片和电动汽车在内的一系列重要行业基本实现自给自足。
　　But big companies in the rest of the world worry that it is more than that: an unfair advantage in China’s home court, and perhaps elsewhere.
　　但世界其他地区的大企业担心的不止于此：在国内市场，或许还有其他地方，中国恐怕会享有不公平优势。
　　A report by a European business group on Tuesday said the “Made in China 2025” program, which calls for enormous Chinese government assistance to 10 industries, would force out competitors from abroad and lead to government-subsidized global players that would compete unfairly. Indeed, the Chinese government’s plan says Chinese industries that benefit should own as much as 80 percent of their home market in just eight years.
　　欧洲一家商业机构周二发表报告称，《中国制造2025》号召为十个行业提供巨大的政府支持，会将国外竞争者挤出中国市场，造就拿政府补贴进行不公平竞争的全球玩家。实际上中国政府的这项计划称，在短短八年时间里，获益的中国行业在国内市场的占有率应该达到80%。
　　“The Chinese make it clear that they want to be the global champion” and are trying to carve out market share now, said Joerg Wuttke, the president of the European Union Chamber 1 of Commerce in China, which wrote the report.
　　现在，“中国明确表示它想成为全球冠军”，而且在竭力开拓市场份额，撰写该报告的中国欧盟商会(European Union Chamber of Commerce in China)主席约尔格·伍德克(Joerg Wuttke)说。
　　The plan’s mechanism 2 is simple: It would provide large, low-interest loans from state-owned investment funds and development banks; assistance in buying foreign competitors; and extensive research subsidies 3, all with the goal of making China largely self-sufficient in the targeted industries.
　　这项计划的机制很简单：国有投资基金和发展银行将提供大量低息贷款；协助收购国外竞争者；提供大量的研究补贴，目的都是让中国在目标行业基本实现自给自足。
　　Although European and American government officials have expressed misgivings 4 about the plan, the Chinese government has made clear in recent days that it plans to press on.
　　尽管欧洲和美国政府官员表达了对这项计划的疑虑，但中国政府在最近几天明确表示，它打算加紧推进该计划。
　　“We will fully 5 implement 6 our plan for developing strategic emerging industries,” Premier 7 Li Keqiang said in his annual speech to the National People’s Congress on Sunday. “We will accelerate R. & D. on and commercialization of new materials, artificial intelligence, integrated circuits, bio-pharmacy, 5G mobile communications and other technologies, and develop industrial clusters in these fields.”
　　“全面实施战略性新兴产业发展规划，”国务院总理李克强上周日在一年一度的人民代表大会发言中讲道。“加快新材料、人工智能、集成电路、生物制药、第五代移动通信等技术研发和转化，做大做强产业集群。”
　　In addition to the sectors 8 Mr. Li cited, the plan also covers the manufacturing of aircraft, robots, electric cars, rail equipment, ships and agricultural machinery 9. China seeks to wean itself off imports from companies like Boeing, Airbus, General Electric, Siemens, Nissan, Renault, Samsung and Intel.
　　除了李克强提到的这些行业，该计划还覆盖了飞机、机器人、电动汽车、铁路设备、船舶和农业机械制造领域。中国力图使自己摆脱从波音(Boeing)、空中客车(Airbus)、通用电气(General Electric)、西门子(Siemens)、日产(Nissan)、雷诺(Renault)、三星(Samsung)和英特尔(Intel)等企业进口产品的局面。
　　The Chinese government has long worried that the country’s economy is still too concentrated in fairly low-end manufacturing. Making and assembling Apple iPhone components 10, for instance, is done by hundreds of thousands of workers in China, while the better-paid, value-added design and marketing 11 work is done in the United States, although by many fewer employees.
　　一直以来，中国政府担心本国经济太集中于低端的制造业。比如，制造和组装苹果公司(Apple)的iPhone手机零件是在中国由几十万工人完成，而报酬更高、附加值更大的设计和市场营销工作则是在美国进行，尽管这类工作需要的员工要少很多。
　　Although a large-scale shift of factories from the West to China has created tens of millions of Chinese jobs, the country’s leaders worry that an increasingly well-educated younger generation is rejecting factory work for higher-paid office jobs.
　　虽说工厂大规模地从西方搬到中国为其创造了数以千万计的工作机会，但这个国家的领导层担心受教育程度越来越高的更年轻一代不愿意在工厂工作，而是寻找报酬更高的办公室工作。
　　But the report by the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China was lengthy 12 and critical. The United States Chamber of Commerce in Washington plans to issue a similar report next week.
　　但中国欧盟商会的那份报告不仅篇幅长，而且是批评性的。位于华盛顿的美国商会(The United States Chamber of Commerce)计划下周发布一份类似的报告。
　　The Chinese Communist Party has long relied on five-year plans to guide national economic growth. But “Made in China 2025” sets out broader targets.
　　中国共产党长期依赖五年计划来指导全国的经济增长。但《中国制造2025》开始制定更广泛的目标。
　　“It feels like a five-year plan, but this time not only domestic but international,” Mr. Wuttke said.
　　“它看起来像一个五年计划，只不过这一次不限于国内市场，而是国际的，”伍德克说。
　　The timing 13 is delicate. President Trump 14 had campaigned about confronting China on trade and currency issues. He has not yet done so, but his advisers 15 have been considering a revision to corporate 16 taxes that would effectively impose a 20 percent tariff 17 on all imports, not just from China.
　　时机也很微妙。特朗普总统在竞选期间曾呼吁在贸易和货币问题上直面中国。他还没有具体落实，但他的顾问一直在考虑修改企业所得税，对所有进口商品——不只是来自中国的——征收20%的关税。
　　China is also laying the legal groundwork for challenging at the World Trade Organization a refusal by the United States to accept that China is a market economy for purposes of anti-dumping trade cases. It will make a similar challenge to European Union rules.
　　为了反倾销贸易诉讼，美国拒绝接受中国是市场经济，为了在世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)中就此事发起挑战，中国也正在打下法律基础。它还将对欧盟的规则提出类似挑战。
　　China’s top Commerce Ministry 18 officials will hold their annual media briefing Saturday and may outline China’s trade policy goals for this year.
　　中国商务部高层官员将于周六举行一年一度的媒体吹风会，或许会概括地提出中国今年的贸易政策目标。
　　Along with subsidies at home, the Chinese plan calls for a shopping spree overseas.
　　除了在国内的补贴，中国的那项计划还呼吁进行海外大采购。
　　“Chinese high-tech 19 investments need to be interpreted as building blocks of an overarching political program. It aims to systematically 20 acquire cutting-edge technology and generate large-scale technology transfer. In the long run, China wants to obtain control over the most profitable segments of the global supply chains and production networks,” according to a report on “Made in China 2025” released in December by the Mercator Institute for China Studies, a German think tank.
　　“中国高科技投资需要被理解为给一个至关重要的政治方案搭建组成部分。它的目标是有计划、有步骤地获得前沿技术，促成大规模技术转让。从长远看，中国是想控制全球供应链和生产网络中最有利可图的部分，”德国智库机构墨卡托中国研究中心(Mercator Institute for China Studies)在去年12月发布的一份有关《中国制造2025》的报告中写道。
　　For all of its funding and targets, analysts 21 are divided about how effective the policies will be. Critics point out that its structure could lead to overspending by local governments and inefficient 22 investment.
　　尽管有资金有目标，但分析人士对这些政策能在多大程度上起效意见不一。批评者指出，它的结构可能会导致地方政府超支和无效投资。
　　Still, the Mercator report said that the policy is likely to bolster 23 a “small vanguard” of leading Chinese companies, adding, “These front-runners are likely to dominate their sectors on the Chinese market and become fierce competitors in international markets.”
　　不过，墨卡托那份报告称，这项政策有可能增强作为“一小群先遣部队”的中国领军企业的实力。它还表示，“这些领先者有可能主导自己所在行业的中国市场，并成为国际市场上的有力竞争者。”