时间:2019-02-01 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

   英语中,定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面,并且没有限制意义的强弱之分,因此,限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句,而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以,在翻译定语从句时,一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长,无论是限制性的或非限制性的,都不宜译成汉语中的定语,而应用其他方法处理。常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。


  一、前置法:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。
  既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语,所以在翻译的时候,通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语,翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。
  He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
  没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
  Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
  太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
  His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
  他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
  二、后置法:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
  英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂,如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话,会显得定语太臃肿,而无法叙述清楚。这时,可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面,译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。
  (一)重复先行词。
  由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分,如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话,常常需要重复先行词,还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
  I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
  他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
  We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
  在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
  You, whose predecessors 1 scored initial success in astronomical 2 research, have acquired a greater accomplishment 3 in this respect.
  你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
  Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.
  他虽然经验不足,但很有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
  (二)省略先行词。
  如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面,在“通顺、完整”的前提下,有时候可以不用重复先行词。
  It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
  是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。
  They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
  他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
  After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
  饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。
  三、融合法:把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
  融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句,其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密,所以,融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句,尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。
  There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
  楼下有人要见你。(原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”,然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。)
  In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
  在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。(原句中的主句部分there are many people翻译成“许多人”,作译文的主语,然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。)
  We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
  我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。(原句的主句较简单,整句句子的重点是在定语从句中,因此,翻译时将主句译成主语,而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。)
  She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.
  她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。(原句的主句较简单,整句句子的重点是在定语从句中,因此,翻译时将主句译成主语,而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。)
  四、状译法
  英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方,那就是,英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切,它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的,但实际上限定作用不强,而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的,起状语作用。也就是说,有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能,在意义上与主句有状语关系,表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下,需要灵活处理,在准确理解英语原文的基础上,弄清楚逻辑关系,然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。
  (一)译成表示“时间”的分句
  A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
  司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
  (二)译成表示“原因”的分句
  He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent 4 and disagreeable.
  他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
  (三)译成表示“条件”的分句
  Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
  人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
  (四)译成表示“让步”的分句
  He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
  尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。
  (五)译成表示“目的”的分句
  He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.
  为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。
  He is collecting authentic 5 material that proves his argument.
  为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料以。
  (六)译成表示“结果”的分句
  They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.
  他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
  (七)译成表示“转折”的分句
  She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
  她对孩子们很有耐心,而她丈夫却很少这样。

n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 );前辈;(被取代的)原有事物;前身
  • The new government set about dismantling their predecessors' legislation. 新政府正着手废除其前任所制定的法律。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Will new plan be any more acceptable than its predecessors? 新计划比原先的计划更能令人满意吗? 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.天文学的,(数字)极大的
  • He was an expert on ancient Chinese astronomical literature.他是研究中国古代天文学文献的专家。
  • Houses in the village are selling for astronomical prices.乡村的房价正在飙升。
n.完成,成就,(pl.)造诣,技能
  • The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.这一系列的绘画真是了不起的成就。
  • Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.要实现我们的目标,钱是至关重要的。
adj.傲慢的,无理的
  • His insolent manner really got my blood up.他那傲慢的态度把我的肺都气炸了。
  • It was insolent of them to demand special treatment.他们要求给予特殊待遇,脸皮真厚。
a.真的,真正的;可靠的,可信的,有根据的
  • This is an authentic news report. We can depend on it. 这是篇可靠的新闻报道, 我们相信它。
  • Autumn is also the authentic season of renewal. 秋天才是真正的除旧布新的季节。
标签: 定语从句 翻译
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