作家沃顿·伊迪丝的一生

                       16 作家沃顿·伊迪丝的一生

DATE=3-18-01
TITLE=PEOPLE IN AMERICA #1813 - Edith Wharton
TYPE=Special English Feature
BYLINE=Richard Thorman
 
      VOICE ONE:
     I'm Doug Johnson.
     VOICE TWO:
     And I'm Ray Freeman with the Special English program, People in America. Every week we tell about a person who was important in the history of the United States. Today, we tell about writer, Edith Wharton.
     (THEME)
     VOICE ONE:
     A (1)critic once (2)described American writer Edith Wharton as a "self-made man." She liked the comment and repeated it. Others said she was a product of New York City. But the New York she wrote about was different from the New York of those who came after her.
     Edith Wharton was born in New York City in Eighteen-Sixty-Two. New York then was several different cities. One New York was made up of people who worked for a living. The other was much smaller. It was made up of families who were so rich they did not need to work.
     Edith was born into the (3)wealthy New York. But there was a "right" wealthy New York and a "wrong" wealthy New York. Among the rich there were those who had been given money by parents or grandparents. Then there were those who (4)earned their own money, the newly 1 rich.
    Edith's family was from the "right" New Yorkers, people who had "old" money. It was a group that did not want its way of living changed. It also was a group without many ideas of its own. It was from this group that Edith Wharton created herself.
     VOICE TWO:
     Like many girls her age, Edith wrote stories. In one of her (5)childhood stories, a woman (6)apologizes for not having a completely clean house when another woman makes an unexpected 2 visit. Edith's mother read the story. Her only (7)comment was that one's house was always clean and ready for visitors. Edith's house always was.
     Edith spent much of her childhood in Europe. She was educated by special teachers, and not at schools.
     If Edith's family feared anything, it was (8)sharp social, (9)cultural, and (10)economic change. Yet these were the things Edith would see in her lifetime.
     The end of the Civil War in Eighteen-Sixty-Five marked the beginning of great changes in the United States. The country that had been mostly agricultural was becoming (11)industrial. Businessmen and workers increasingly 3 were gaining political and economic power.
     Edith Wharton saw these changes sooner than most people. And she rejected them. To her, the old America was a (12)victim of the new. She did not like the new values of money replacing the old (13)values of family.
     ((MUSIC BRIDGE))
     VOICE ONE:
    In Eighteen-Eighty-Five, she married Edward Wharton. He was her social equal. They lived together for twenty-eight years. But it was a marriage without much love.
     In Nineteen-Thirteen, she sought to end the marriage. That she waited so long to do so, one critic said, was a sign of her ties to the idea of family and to (14)tradition.
     Some critics think that Edith Wharton began to write because she found the people of her social group so uninteresting. Others say she began when her (15)husband became sick and she needed something to do.
     The fact is that Wharton thought of herself as a writer from the time she was a child. Writing gave her a (16)sense of freedom from the restrictions 4 of her social class.
     VOICE TWO:
     Writing was just one of a (17)series of things she did. And she did all of them well. She was interested in (18)designing and caring for gardens. She designed her own house. She had an international social life and left a large (19)collection of letters at her death. In her lifetime she published about fifty books on a number of subjects.
     Many critics believe Edith Wharton should have written the story of her social group. To do this, however, she would have had to remove herself from the group to see it clearly. She could not do this, even intellectually 5. Her education and her traditions made it impossible.
     The subject of Edith Wharton's writing became the story of the young and innocent 6 in a dishonest world. She did not make a (20)connection between her work and her own life. What she had was the ability to speak plainly about (21)emotions that, until then, had been hidden.
     She also was among the first American women writers to gain a sense of the world as an (22)evil place. "Life is the saddest thing," she wrote, "next to death."
     ((MUSIC BRIDGE))
     VOICE ONE:
     To show that she could do more than just write stories, she wrote, with Ogden Codman, The Decoration of Houses. It was very successful. About the same time, her poems and stories also began to be (23)published in Scribner's (24)Magazine.
     In Eighteen-Ninety-Nine her collection of stories, The Greater Inclination 7, appeared. It was an immediate 8 success. When she was in London, she visited a (25)bookstore. The store owner, who did not know who she was, handed her the book. He said to her, "This is what everyone in London is talking about now.     VOICE TWO:
     Three years later her first novel, The Valley of Decision, was published. Three years after that she published her first great popular success, the novel, The House of Mirth.
     The House of Mirth is the story of a young woman who lacks the money to continue her high social (26)position. As in so many stories by Edith Wharton, the main (27)character does not control what happens to her. She is a victim who is defeated by (28)forces she does not fight to (29)overcome.
    This idea is central to much of Edith Wharton's best writing. The old families of New York are in conflict with the newly rich families. The major people in the stories are trapped in a hopeless struggle with social forces more powerful than they. And they struggle against people whose (30)beliefs and actions are not as (31)moral as theirs.
     VOICE ONE:
     This is the situation in one of Wharton's most (32)popular book, Ethan Frome, published in Nineteen-Eleven. Unlike her other novels, it is set on a farm in the northeastern state of (33)Massachusetts. It is the story of a man and woman whose lives are controlled, and finally (34)destroyed, by custom. They are the victims of society. They die honorably instead of fighting back.
    If they were to reject (35)custom, however, they would not be the people they are. And they would not mean as much to each other.
     In Nineteen-Thirteen, Wharton's marriage ended. It was the same year that she published another novel that was highly 9 praised, The Custom of the Country. In it she discusses the effects of new wealth in the late Nineteenth Century on a beautiful young woman.
     VOICE TWO:
     Most critics agree that most of Edith Wharton's writing after Nineteen-Thirteen is not as good as before that time. It was as if she needed the difficulties of her marriage to write well. Much of her best work seems to have been written under the (36)pressure of great personal crisis 10. After her marriage ended her work was not as sharp as her earlier writing.
     In Nineteen-Twenty, however, she produced, The Age of Innocence 11. Many critics think this is her best novel. In it she (37)deals with the lack of honesty that lies behind the (38)apparent (39)innocence of the New York social world. A man and woman see their lives ruined because they have duties they cannot (40)escape.
     Edith Wharton received America's top writing (41)award, the Pulitzer Prize, for The Age of Innocence. A recent movie of The Age of Innocence created new interest in her work.
     ((MUSIC BRIDGE))
     VOICE ONE:
     In the later years of her life, Wharton gave more and more of her time to an important group of (42)diplomats, artists, and thinkers. Among her friends was the American writer Henry James. She liked James as a man and as a writer. She often used her car and driver to take him on short trips.
     At one time, Henry James was hoping that his publisher would bring out a collection of his many novels and stories. Wharton knew of this wish. And she knew that the publisher thought he would lose money if he brought out such a collection. She wrote to the publisher. She agreed to secretly pay the publisher to print the collection of her friend's (43)writings.
     VOICE TWO:
     In Nineteen-Thirty, the American National Institute of Arts and Letters gave Wharton a gold medal. She was the first woman to be so honored 12. Four years later she wrote the story of her life, A Backward Glance. Edith Wharton died in Nineteen-Thirty-Seven at one of the two homes she owned in France.     (THEME)
     VOICE ONE:
     This Special English program was written by Richard Thorman. I'm Doug Johnson.
     VOICE TWO:
     And I'm Ray Freeman. Join us again next week for another People in America program on the Voice of America.

(1) 　　critic[ 5kritik ]n.批评家, 评论家, 吹毛求疵者
(2) 　　describe[ dis5kraib ]vt.描写, 记述, 形容, 形容v.描述
(3) wealthy[ 5welWi ]adj.富有的, 丰裕的, 充分的n.富人, 有钱人
(4) earn[ E:n ]vt.赚, 挣得, 获得v.赚得, 获得
(5) childhood[ 5tFaildhud ]n.孩童时期
(6) apologize[ E5pClEdVaiz ]vi.道歉, 辩白
(7) comment[ 5kCment ]n.注释, 评论, 意见vi.注释, 评论
(8) sharp[ FB:p ]n.高调, 内行, 利刃, 骗子adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的, 强烈的, 刺耳的, 急
(9) cultural[5kQltFEr(E)l]adj.文化的
(10) economic[ 7i:kE5nCmik ]adj.经济(上)的, 产供销的, 经济学的
(11) industrial[ in5dQstriEl ]adj.工业的, 产业的, 实业的, 从事工业的victim
(12) [ 5viktim ]n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品
(13) value[ 5vAlju:, -ju ]n.价值, 估价, 评价, 价格, [数]值, 确切涵义vt.估价, 评价, 重视
(14) tradition[ trE5diFEn ]n.传统, 惯例
(15) husband[ 5hQzbEnd ]n.丈夫
(16) sense[ sens ]n.官能, 感觉, 判断力, 见识, ...感, 意义, 理性vt.感到, 理解, 认识
(17) series[ 5siEri:z ]n.连续, 系列, 丛书, 级数
(18) designing[ di5zainiN ]n.设计, 阴谋adj.有计划的
(19) collection[ kE5lekFEn ]n.收藏, 征收, 搜集品, 捐款
(20) connection[ kE5nekFEn ]n.连接, 关系, 接线, 线路, 亲戚
(21) emotion[ i5mEuFEn ]n.情绪, 情感, 感情
(22) evil[ 5i:vl ]adj.邪恶的, 带来麻烦的, 不幸的, 有害的, 诽谤的n.邪恶, 不幸, 罪恶
(23) publish[ 5pQbliF ]v.出版, 刊印vt.公布, 发表
(24) magazine[ 7mA^E5zi:n ]n.杂志, 期刊, 军火库, 弹药库, (枪、炮的)弹仓, 胶卷盒
(25) bookstore[5bJkstC:(r)]n.书店
(26) position[ pE5ziFEn ]n.位置, 职位, 立场, 形势, 阵地vt.安置, 决定...的位置
(27) character[ 5kAriktE ]n.(事物的)特性, 性质, 特征(的总和), (人的)品质, 字符, 性格,
(28) force[ fC:s ]n.力量, 武力, 精力, 魄力, 势力, 暴力, [复]军队, 影响力vt.强制, 强加,
(29) overcome[ 7EuvE5kQm ]vt.战胜, 克服, 胜过, 征服vi.得胜
(30) belief[ bi5li:f ]n.信任, 信心, 信仰
(31) moral[ 5mCrEl ]adj.道德(上)的, 精神的n.道德
(32) popular[ 5pCpjulE ]adj.通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的
(33) Massachusetts[ 7mAsE5tFu:sits ]n.麻萨诸塞州
(34) destroy[ dis5trCi ]vt.破坏, 毁坏, 消灭v.消灭, 摧毁
(35) custom[ 5kQstEm ]n.习惯, 风俗, 海关, (封建制度下)定期服劳役,
(36) pressure[`preFE(r)]n.压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫
(37) deal[ di:l ]n.交易, (政治上的)密约, 待遇, 份量, 买卖vi.处理, 应付, , 分给(out),
(38) apparent[ E5pArEnt ]adj.显然的, 外观上的
(39) innocence[ 5inEsns ]n.清白
(40) escape[ is5keip ]n.逃, 逃亡, 溢出设备, 出口, 逃跑, [植]野生vi.逃脱, 避开,
(41) award[ E5wC:d ]n.奖, 奖品vt.授予, 判给
(42) diplomat[ 5diplEmAt ]n.外交官, 有外交手腕的人, 有权谋的人
(43) writing[ 5raitiN ]n.笔迹, 作品, 著述