时间:2019-01-17 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

 如果随便翻阅雅思阅读真题,我们常常会发现它涉及的词汇广度难度绝对不容小觑,甚至出现在GRE红宝书里的超强词汇也会频频亮相。于是,不少同学在初识雅思时都会产生畏难情绪,滋生出恐惧感和心理劣势。但其实,即使让英语程度已经非常不错的人去参加雅思考试,他们也一定会遇到许多的生词,却并不影响他们得到高分。也就是说,雅思对我们词汇量的要求并不高,但却需要我们具备猜测关键单词的词义的能力。


标题里的生词  
标题里的生词就如战争中的敌方首都,非攻克不可。雅思阅读文章的长度可谓臭名昭著,20分钟读完1000字并且完成14道题目绝非易事,所以标题的清晰掌握有助于短时间之内对文章内容的理解。同时,如果标题中出现的单词有推断不出词义的情况的话,往往代表考生基本词汇有欠缺。
首先,全文首句是进一步理解标题最好的地方。剑桥5有篇文章‘The Impact of Wilderness 1 Tourism’中的wilderness一词,同学总是第一反应就是野外郊外旅游,例如野炊、农家乐之类。但全文首句‘The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before’让所有同学都认识到其实remote areas是对它最好的说明,而这跟最初的猜测还是不同的。当然,也常有同学不认识remote这个单词,但是,在全文第二句,它再次给了清楚的例子:such as mountains,Arctic lands,deserts,small islands and wetlands。其实,通过这个例子也不难看出,雅思绝对不是个难为人的考试,如果遇到一个生词,一定能够通过各种方法猜测出来;而如果不能,那么就代表认识这个词的人比较变态了。
另一个雅思里常见的帮助理解标题的途径就是插图了。剑桥4里的‘Alternative Medicine in Australia’是个不容易理解的标题,但是旁边配的照片里一个中国人拿着一把小小的称,后面的柜子有无数个小抽屉,这样一来,结合alternative二选一的这个意思,几乎所有同学都能理解,题目就是说澳大利亚的中医。再例如文章‘The nature and aims of Archaeology’,正是因为旁边的图片里一个人趴在地下用小刷子挖掘恐龙化石,于是人人知道文章说的是考古学。
定义与解释
最简单的方式就是主系表结构的定义型句型。例如:Anthropology 2 is the study of humanity。但更多的情况下,be known as / be called / be referred to as更频繁出现。例如:
A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic 3 analysis, is known as corpus.
The seasonal 4 impact of day length on physiological 5 responses is called photoperiodism.
Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as day-neutral plants.
其次,同位语也是理解词义的大帮手。可以是同位语从句也可以是同位语本身:
One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car.
…plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet 6 Union.
…cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises 7.
而且,有些词组也可以提供解释信息,例如in other words,that is,that is to say等。值得提醒的是一个常出现但是绝大部分同学不知道的缩写i.e.,其实就是that is to say。例如出现在这个句子里:
These regions are fragile i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressure not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.
or也是个特别值得大家注意的单词。大部分时间它表示二选一,但其实也可以表示解释关系:
Dryness, or aridity 8 as geographers 9 call it, …
Dung is the droppings or excreta of animals.
这两个句子里aridity就等于dryness,excreta就是droppings,只不过相对于后者它是更加学术化的专业词汇而已。
此外,破折号、冒号和括号这三个标点符号在雅思里几乎可以等同起来,绝大部分情况下都是表示解释说明的关系。这种情况下,符号前后看懂一个即可。
句子关系
最有效也最频繁出现的就是转折句,强转折造成的对比,让我们知其一就能猜其二。例如句子‘The Americans cannot experience reality but thrive on the pseudo-events. ’中,不为多数人所知的pseudo就是根据一个but我们很容易推测出来它必然和reality是一对反义词。
另一个例子:
Dark colours give an aura of authority while lighter 10 shades suggest approachability.
这个句子里,while放在中间,我们知道前后半句造成对照关系,必然找得到反义词:authority和approachability;而dark和lighter形成对比,那么后半句shade这里就不是阴影这个我们熟悉的意思而是和前半句的colour做了替换;最后aura这个词认识的人也不多,但同处在位于的位置,于是不难推断出give an aura of与suggest意思一致。
更复杂的例子可以是这两个句子:
Geologists 11 consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle 12 and a brittle 13, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk 14, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell.
这篇描述火山的文章里,作者为了形象说明火山的成因把火山与煮得半熟得鸡蛋做了类比。前句说的是火山的构造,后句谈的是鸡蛋。一经对照,不难找出这么几对关系:
molten core → runny yolk
semi-molten mantle → firm but squishy white
brittle outer skin  → hard shell
这样理解的话,根据core地心这个简单词,大家能够猜出yolk应该是蛋黄;而后半句里简单的runny流动的这个词可以帮助理解molten。而firm既然是硬的,but决定了squishy则必然是软的,或者根据semi-molten就是semi-runny,那么squishy还可能是半流动的。最后,hard解释了brittle也就很容易理解了。
猜 → 拆→ 拼
前缀、后缀和词根的把握对于词义猜测的作用毋庸质疑,这正如中文里可以认字认一半的道理是一样的,就算不能准确把握,八九不离十总是可以的。所以遇到生词可以首先把它拆分成认识的几个部分然后进行词义猜测。例如photoperiodism,photo词根表示光,period是周期,ism结尾表示抽象化、现象,那么这个单词就是光周期现象。
有时候拆开之后还是不认识,这时候可以尝试把它再拼成认识的单词。例如subordination,sub大家都知道表示副、亚、次、之下等,nation看起来象是名词构成而已,中间的ord很容易让大家联想到一个简单的order,那么词猜出来表示下级、附属物也就不是难事了。
具体一道题目说明的话有这么一个例子,有道true / false / not given问:Sydney is a quiet and graceful 15 city。文章里定位到的句子谈到Sydney是个bustle and brashness的city。这是两个绝大部分同学都不认的单词,bustle大家可以拆出bus这个认识的部分,加个y变成busy也是简单的不能再简单的单词,无论公共汽车还是繁忙都不太与问题中的安静优美沾边;至于brashness这个单词,人人知道要拆成brash和ness,问题在于brash没几个人认识,于是ness这个名词的尾巴也只能惆怅的摇摇而已。但是,and对这两个词进行了并列的连接,一般情况下表示这两个词义应该为方向一致。这样一番思考的话,就不难推断出bustle、brashness与quiet、graceful相反了。 
单词为阅读立身之本,有了词汇才用得上阅读技巧和略。而单词是背不完的,灵活使用各种各样的猜测词义的方法,利用有限的词汇量猜测出无限的单词含义这才是通向阅读高分的有效途径。

n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等,荒漠
  • She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
  • Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。
n.人类学
  • I believe he has started reading up anthropology.我相信他已开始深入研究人类学。
  • Social anthropology is centrally concerned with the diversity of culture.社会人类学主要关于文化多样性。
adj.语言的,语言学的
  • She is pursuing her linguistic researches.她在从事语言学的研究。
  • The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.写作能力是对语言能力的最高形式的测试。
adj.季节的,季节性的
  • The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
  • The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。
adj.生理学的,生理学上的
  • He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
  • Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。
adj.苏联的,苏维埃的;n.苏维埃
  • Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
  • Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
n.鼠海豚( porpoise的名词复数 )
  • A shoal of porpoises are well on the feed. 一群海豚正在吞食。 来自辞典例句
  • In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. 1928年有人把这些海豚象海狸那样把一床浸泡了水的褥垫推上岸时的情景拍摄了下来。 来自辞典例句
n.干旱,乏味;干燥性;荒芜
  • The name Sahara conjures up images of a desert of aridity. "撒哈拉"这个名字使人想起干旱的沙漠情景。 来自辞典例句
  • The name conjures up images of a desert of aridity. “撒哈拉”这个名字使人想起“干旱”的沙漠情景。 来自互联网
地理学家( geographer的名词复数 )
  • Geographers study the configuration of the mountains. 地理学家研究山脉的地形轮廓。
  • Many geographers now call this landmass Eurasia. 许多地理学家现在把这块陆地叫作欧亚大陆。
n.打火机,点火器;驳船;v.用驳船运送;light的比较级
  • The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色,色调明朗了一些。
  • The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。
地质学家,地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )
  • Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
  • Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。
n.斗篷,覆罩之物,罩子;v.罩住,覆盖,脸红
  • The earth had donned her mantle of brightest green.大地披上了苍翠欲滴的绿色斗篷。
  • The mountain was covered with a mantle of snow.山上覆盖着一层雪。
adj.易碎的;脆弱的;冷淡的;(声音)尖利的
  • The pond was covered in a brittle layer of ice.池塘覆盖了一层易碎的冰。
  • She gave a brittle laugh.她冷淡地笑了笑。
n.蛋黄,卵黄
  • This dish would be more delicious with some yolk powder.加点蛋黄粉,这道菜就会更好吃。
  • Egg yolk serves as the emulsifying agent in salad dressing.在色拉调味时,蛋黄能作为乳化剂。
adj.优美的,优雅的;得体的
  • His movements on the parallel bars were very graceful.他的双杠动作可帅了!
  • The ballet dancer is so graceful.芭蕾舞演员的姿态是如此的优美。
标签: 雅思 阅读
学英语单词
a good time was had by all
abyssopelagic fauna
accelerated random search
addressable processor register
authority credentials
beta carotene,betacarotene
bottom discharge valve
bugas
burst information rate
cachexia aquosa
chlorflurenol
Christchurch
cleverest
combined gas-steam turbine
coming off it
commence fire
complex synaptic arrangement
cropen
cuckoo roller
cyclopentenylundecylic acid
delectuses
Deuteronomic
devitalize
devove
domain database
double veil
elastic system
electrokymograms
Elsholtzia patrini
Emberizidae
extrametabolites
flat bush for automatic device
functional accentuated
gas turbine blower
gear view window
Gigantopteridium
gilt-bronzest
gweneth
Habas
hey na'
high rise
horizontal project
hypernets
Hypochondrodysplasia
impairment of qi
impossibles
in the teeth of sth
indoor horizontal bar
inherent powers
intake resistance
integrated emulation
Jam riveter
Kazanka
Lake Hughes
low-price issues
marked loading capacity of wagon
material science experiment
metacannel coal
mullinax
nutritional administration
ocular surface
omnivourous
P-I-D regulator
Paphiopedilum esquirolei
passive clot
pedobarographic
penetration number
ph analyzer
pince
polybenzimidazole fibre
post-cyclic
pre-stellar body
prochromosome (rosenbery 1904)
pseudocythere chanwei
ptl
rainbow eucalyptus
relative gravity instrument
rescue authority
research university
rotary pelleting machine
saguinus nigricollis
sand bridge
sap rot
Saxifraga strigosa
sepia tone
side chain isomer
simple harmonic quantity
sir james young simpsons
slip joint
somoun
sticky icky
storage properties
stria ventriculi tertii
sweepforward angle
synchronize with
takes hold of
tolerable distortion
top the list
topologist
Triglinae
unurbanized
waterton-glacier