美国国家公共电台 NPR Yawning May Promote Social Bonding Even Between Dogs And Humans
时间：2019-01-17 作者：英语课 分类：2017年NPR美国国家公共电台5月
RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:
So obviously, teens aren't the only ones yawning. It's something everyone does - humans but also bears, bats, guinea pigs, giraffes. Yawning is common animal behavior. Here's reporter Michelle Trudeau. And no matter how interesting Michelle's story is, I dare you not to yawn during this story.
MICHELLE TRUDEAU, BYLINE 1: Let me introduce the father of yawn research.
ROBERT PROVINE: I'm Robert Provine, professor of psychology 2 and neuroscience at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
TRUDEAU: Provine has studied what he calls yawn science since the early 1980s, publishing dozens of research articles on it. Turns out, the simple yawn - not so simple.
PROVINE: There are many causes for yawning, such as boredom 3, sleepiness.
TRUDEAU: Hunger, anxiety, stress - they all cause changes in brain chemistry which triggers a yawn. But, says Provine, there's still no consensus 4 on the purpose of a yawn. One strong contender is that a yawn perks 5 you up by increasing heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory function. It's a behavior...
PROVINE: It stirs up our physiology 6, and it plays an important role in shifting from one state to another. For example, with violinists getting ready to go onto a stage play to play a concerto 7...
TRUDEAU: They often yawn, as do some Olympians right after competition.
PROVINE: Paratroopers getting ready to do their first jump - they are also yawning.
TRUDEAU: But to Provine, the most intriguing 8 aspect of yawning is that it's highly contagious 9.
PROVINE: In fact, yawning is so contagious that anything having to do with it will trigger a contagious response - looking at yawns, hearing yawns, thinking about yawns or talking about yawns, as we're doing right now.
TRUDEAU: Contagious yawning may have evolved in early humans to boost social bonding, says Provine. A good group yawn perks everyone up to be more vigilant 10 about danger.
PROVINE: When one person yawns and others yawn, this involves a neurologically programmed bonding of individuals.
TRUDEAU: The social bonding theory has some evidence. For example, you're more likely to yawn if the yawner is someone from your family versus 11 a stranger. And newborns - they yawn spontaneously, but they don't start to show contagious yawning until age 4 or so, around the same time they're becoming more socially connected. And one more finding - individuals with autism, a disorder 12 that has impaired 13 social bonding - they have relatively 14 little contagious yawning.
Now what about other animals? We know that all vertebrates - that's critters with backbones 15 - they all yawn spontaneously, but very few yawn contagiously 16.
PROVINE: Till the last few years now, the feeling was that contagious yawning was unique to humans.
TRUDEAU: But recently, two more species have been added to the list of contagious yawners.
PROVINE: Our cousins the chimpanzees as well as highly social mammals, such as dogs.
TRUDEAU: Provine suggests you do a little at-home experiment. Watch your dog when he yawns. Do you catch the yawn yourself? If so, that's a brilliant demonstration 17 of contagious yawning between different species. For NPR News, I'm Michelle Trudeau.
(SOUNDBITE OF IMAGINED HERBAL FLOWS' "CLOUDS")
- His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
- We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。
- She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
- He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
- Unemployment can drive you mad with boredom.失业会让你无聊得发疯。
- A walkman can relieve the boredom of running.跑步时带着随身听就不那么乏味了。
- Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？
- What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？
- Perks offered by the firm include a car and free health insurance. 公司给予的额外待遇包括一辆汽车和免费健康保险。
- Are there any perks that go with your job? 你的工作有什么津贴吗？
- He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
- He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。
- The piano concerto was well rendered.钢琴协奏曲演奏得很好。
- The concert ended with a Mozart violin concerto.音乐会在莫扎特的小提琴协奏曲中结束。
- These discoveries raise intriguing questions. 这些发现带来了非常有趣的问题。
- It all sounds very intriguing. 这些听起来都很有趣。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。
- He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。
- He has to learn how to remain vigilant through these long nights.他得学会如何在这漫长的黑夜里保持警觉。
- The dog kept a vigilant guard over the house.这只狗警醒地守护着这所房屋。
- The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
- The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
- When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
- It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
- Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
- His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
- The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
- The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
- Why do hummingbirds and gorillas both have backbones? 为什么蜂鸟和大猩猩都有脊骨？ 来自辞典例句
- Simply adding bandwidth to the Internet backbones is not an answer. 只是简单的在互联网骨架上增加带宽是应付不了的。 来自互联网
- The book is unpretentious; it can present names without dropping them, and the tone is contagiously warm. 这本书写得朴实无华，它提了几个名字，但又没有滥用来抬高自己，而且书的语气热情洋溢。
- She was contagiously bubbly. 她快乐而富有感染力。
- His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
- He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。