英语口语教程(高级) UNIT 3-4

[00:01.00]Lesson 3 Should the Brain Drain Be Stopped by Restrictions?;

[00:00.30]II.Read;

[00:00.61]The current policy of developing the export-oriented economy;

[00:05.81]in the coastal areas;

[00:07.61]has stimulated the Shanghai people's desire to head off for foreign parts.;

[00:14.03]And,according to the Shanghai-based Jiefang Daily,;

[00:19.02]the best way for them to do this is to engage in business;

[00:23.60]or provide labour and technical services to other countries.;

[00:29.26]Shanghai has too many people chasing too few jobs,;

[00:34.81]so this surplus labour force could solve the labour shortages;

[00:39.80]which exist in some other parts of the world.;

[00:43.81]Workers monthly wages abroad;

[00:47.26]can be 100 times what they are in China--;

[00:50.81]although the cost of living is likely to be much higher in some countries.;

[00:56.83]Furthermore,while working overseas,;

[01:00.68]the Chinese workers would get the chance to learn advanced technology;

[01:06.08]and to become entrepreneurs and specialists,;

[01:09.63]thus promoting-trade and economic cooper- ation between China and other countries.;

[01:17.35]Jiefang Daily suggests local authorities;

[01:21.97]should take the following measures to promote exports of labour:;

[01:27.07]Set up labour service groups to undertake contractu- al projects abroad.;

[01:34.01]Shanghai workers have taken part in many overseas proje- cts in the past,;

[01:40.65]such as construction of railways, factories and other buildings.;

[01:46.46]With their high reputation,;

[01:49.34]they would be a force to be reckoned with on the world labour market.;

[01:54.99]Establish employer- employee introduc- tion offices.;

[02:00.55]Drivers,repairmen, nurses,housemaids, hairdressers,;

[02:07.39]cooks and workers involved in gardening and construction;

[02:12.38]are in great demand in many countries and these offices;

[02:17.01]could provide train- ing and act as a bridge between empl- oyers and employees.;

[02:24.16]Encourage people to look for jobs themselves.;

[02:29.25]As many Shanghai residents have relatives overseas,;

[02:33.67]they could easily get help in finding work abroad.;

[02:38.92]Promote co-operation between the State and individuals.;

[02:44.93]If local people are encouraged to work abroad,;

[02:48.95]workers with special skills would flow out of the country,;

[02:53.78]thus creating a brain drain.;

[02:56.87]To solve the problem consideration must be given;

[03:01.65]to both State and private interests.;

[03:05.76]When workers go abroad at their own expense,the enterpr- ises they work for;

[03:12.76]should give them favourable treatment when they return.;

[03:17.23]While working overseas,;

[03:19.86]the workers should help their enterprises open up to the world market.;

[03:25.77]Shanghai residents have strong aspirat- ions to expand their living space;

[03:32.76]and they are good at trading.;

[03:35.54]But first priority should be given to entrepreneurs;

[03:40.43]who are brave enough to journey out into the world and build success.;

[03:46.60]Before the founding of new China,;

[03:50.66]a number of world- renowned figures;

[03:53.65]such as shipping magnate Pao Yue Kang and the computer king;

[03:58.79]Wang An were raised in Shanghai.;

[04:01.93]It is expected that a group of new magnates;

[04:05.99]will emerge when Shanghai entrepren- eurs enter the world economy.;

[04:11.54]Now that Shanghai is capable of building 100,000-ton-class vessels;

[04:18.59]and manufacturing sophisticated precision building machines,;

[04:23.37]powerful generators, colour televisions and bicycles,;

[04:28.26]there is no reason;

[04:29.85]why the city could not create a group of world-class shipping kings,;

[04:34.58]building machine kings and bicycle kings.;

[04:39.27]With a solid indust- rial foundation and technical force,;

[04:44.51]Shanghai could also set up factories;

[04:47.49]and shops overseas to compete with foreign counterparts;

[04:52.89]Shanghai-made brands very popular at home now,;

[04:57.93]will surely capture a slice of the world market if sales pro- motion is emphasized;

[05:04.98]Shanghai produces quality cloth shoes of good workmanship.;

[05:10.74]But its exports are $1.1 billion dollars annually,;

[05:16.14]only half of Taiwan's total,;

[05:19.12]due to the neglect of sales promotion overseas.;

[05:23.55]Shanghai boasts numerous specialists in the fields of science,;

[05:29.56]technology,culture and education.;

[05:33.94]These experts could earn a good deal of foreign exchange for the State;

[05:39.75]if technical services were offered;

[05:42.47]to countries that badly need skilled workers in high-tech industries;

[05:48.65]The city can also directly export technology;

[05:53.89]and software and contract scientific research projects abroad,;

[05:59.39]as it possesses advantages in the fields of laser, optical fibre,;

[06:06.39]microelectronics and biological engineer- ing technology.;

[06:12.51]Lesson 4 Does Criticism Do More Harm Than Good to People?;

[06:21.46]Text A Young Woman Who Fears Compliments;

[06:27.73]Marya, a brilliant graduate student in her early twenties;

[06:34.11]who came for consultation,;

[06:36.32]insisted that she could improve only with criticism.;

[06:41.47]Her reasoning was that she knew the good qualities;

[06:46.45]but that she did not know the bad ones.;

[06:49.85]To have more knowl- edge of her negative qualities,she believed,;

[06:54.68]would add to her self-understanding;

[06:57.41]and thus enable her to see herself more completely.;

[07:01.83]Marya,in effect, refused to acknowle- dge and to understa- nd her strengths.;

[07:09.44]She had assembled detailed lists of her negative qualities;

[07:14.64]which she used daily to support an extre- mely negative view of herself.;

[07:20.29]But they were either exaggerated or unreal.;

[07:25.08]Despite her attract- iveness to others,;

[07:28.83]she convinced herself that she was ugly.;

[07:32.23]When her family bought her new and well-designed artic- les of clothing;

[07:37.68](she seldom bought any herself)she left them hanging in the closet for weeks;

[07:43.85]before wearing them once.;

[07:46.32]When someone compli- mented her on what she wore  and asked whether it was new,;

[07:53.11]she could honestly answer no. She did not "deserve" to wear new clothes,;

[08:01.03]could not bear the pain of hearing compliments,;

[08:05.55]of seeing herself as intelligent,pretty, or worthwhile.;

[08:11.31]As a child, Marya had received little or no criticism from her parents.;

[08:18.52]She was prized by them.;

[08:21.24]Their major disappo- intment in her apparently;

[08:25.25]was that she often rejected their over trues of kindness and appreciation,;

[08:31.12]not in anger but in embarrassment,as though she were undeserving.;

[08:37.90]This seemingly mild- mannered young woman;

[08:41.86]exceptionally courteous and considerate to others,;

[08:46.96]held onto her own negative self-judgment with tenacity.;

[08:52.72]Finally, friends and interested faculty members;

[08:58.32]quit acceding to her persuasive requests for criticism;

[09:02.69]that they could not honestly give.;

[09:05.42]Instead,they gently, but firmly;

[09:09.17]confronted her with her own blindness to what she truly was like.;

[09:14.68]II Read;

[09:19.05]Read the following passages. Underline the important view- points while reading;

[09:26.81]1.Unfair Criticism;

[09:32.11]Stuart is a typical sixteen-year-old boy;

[09:36.79]who experienced and suffered from the criticism of an alcoholic parent.;

[09:42.76]It seemed to Stuart the only thing his father ever had to say to him was,;

[09:49.45]"You haven't got a brain in your head.";

[09:52.38]Stuart was a sophomore in high school.;

[09:56.65]It was true he was a poor student,or what his dean called an "underachiever".;

[10:03.79]Even though Stuart knew he was an underachiever,;

[10:08.22]he would have liked to hear his father say,just once,;

[10:12.38]something else when he brought home his report card other than his usual,;

[10:17.94]"You haven't got a brain in your head.";

[10:21.02]Stuart was determin- ed to prove to his father he did have a brain in his head.;

[10:27.55]Stuart studied very hard.;

[10:31.00]Some nights it was difficult for him to concentrate on his homework;

[10:36.56]because he could hear his parents bickering in the next room.;

[10:41.65]"You forgot to pay the mortgage again. The bank is fed up.";

[10:46.84]"How many times can a person smash up a car?;

[10:50.39]I'm surprised they haven't taken your license away! ";

[10:53.73]"If you wouldn't drink so much ...";

[10:56.56]Stuart didn't like the bickering,and wondered if his par- ents might separate.;

[11:02.78]He wondered,too,bec- ause his father was so forgetful about paying the bills,;

[11:09.11]if they might lose their home.;

[11:11.68]He kept telling himself that if he studied hard,;

[11:16.00]maybe, by some miracle, things would get better at home.;

[11:21.40]Stuart's determina- tion to concentrate on his school work,;

[11:26.29]in spite of the bickering and worries at home, paid off.;

[11:30.76]His next report card showed a marked improvement.;

[11:35.39]There was even a personal note of praise;

[11:38.94]from his dean written on the report card.;

[11:42.54]Proudly Stuart put the report card on his father's desk.;

[11:47.89]Stuart felt happier than he had felt in a long time.;

[11:52.57]He knew that his father could only be pleased with such a report,;

[11:57.56]but more important, maybe now his father would realize;

[12:02.03]that he was intelli- gent and would start paying some attention to him.;

[12:07.07]Stuart could remember;

[12:09.23]when his father used to go to  ball games and movies with him.;

[12:13.76]Who knew? Maybe things would go back to the way they used to be.;

[12:18.75]Stuart would offer to get a part-time job to help pay off some of the bills.;

[12:25.13]He thought that might lessen some of the arguing at home;

[12:29.34]and keep the family from breaking up.;

[12:32.22]He would let his father know;

[12:34.69]that he was old eno- ugh to understand things weren't always easy at the office.;

[12:40.35]When Stuart's father came home and saw the report,;

[12:45.39]he said without any hesitation, "Well, well,who did the work for you?;

[12:51.61]I know you don't have the brains to do it! ";

[12:54.85]Stuart was stunned. All that work for nothing!;

[12:59.33]He wouldn't be surprised;

[13:01.23]if his father not only thought he was stupid but hated him, too.;

[13:06.84]Stuart would not have been as hurt;

[13:10.23]if he had only known his father was tied up in his own miserable feelings.;

[13:16.61]This kept him from recognizing what Stuart had accompli- shed in school.;

[13:23.50]2. Uses of Criticism;

[13:29.26]While some of us have a tendency to disbelieve;

[13:33.89]or to minimize the good things people say about us,;

[13:37.95]others among us have a tendency to hold a protective web around ourselves;

[13:44.23]in defense against criticism.;

[13:47.31]One workshop participant said,;

[13:50.55]"I confuse the issue by getting logical in the face of thre- atening reactions.;

[13:56.88]Sometimes I act helpless so others will stop the criticism.";

[14:02.79]Early in the work- shop experience;

[14:06.09]he had received more negative than positive reactions.;

[14:10.61]While he was fearful of criticism,he found that he had courted it,;

[14:16.89]hoping that he could learn how to handle it and overcome his fear.;

[14:22.08]We may court negative reactions for other reasons.;

[14:26.76]A therapy group mem- ber regarded critic- ism as more useful than compliments,;

[14:33.60]and criticism is what he often got-- not because he asked for it directly,;

[14:40.96]but because of his detached manner,;

[14:43.78]as though he were sitting in judgment of others.;

[14:47.28]Moreover,his tendency to qualify;

[14:51.31]and hedge his opinions and feelings;

[14:53.71]until they had no meaning often brought down the ire of others upon him.;

[14:59.73]He gave the impres- sion of accepting their displeasure stoically,;

[15:04.56]as though it strengthened him.;

[15:07.13]He never openly criticized other members,  however.;

[15:11.66]Still another member who claimed that" criticism is the st- uff that we grow on;

[15:18.65]gave others criticism galore so they could improve and, in his words,;

[15:25.03]"not appear in a negative light in the future.";

[15:29.40]This member came across as using his ostensible concern;

[15:33.77]for the growth of others as an excuse to criticize and attack them.;

[15:39.84]3.Is It Right to   Withhold One's   Reactions to   Others?;

[15:47.51]It is not uncommon for us to withhold our reactions to others.;

[15:53.99]We may hold back compliments;

[15:56.82]for fear of embarra- ssment to them and to ourselves.;

[16:01.24]We may hold back criticism for fear of being disliked or considered unfair;

[16:07.92]or for fear of hurting another person.;

[16:11.37]Reactions given inconsiderately may indeed hurt others.;

[16:17.70]On the other hand, some of us are inclined to withhold our reactions;

[16:22.89]from others while at the same time we honestly prefer;

[16:27.62]that they not hold back theirs from us. We may have two different rules.;

[16:34.05]The first one may be:If we ask others for can did reacti- ons to our behavior,;

[16:40.58]to something we have done or plan to do,;

[16:44.08]we want them to tell us straight,includ- ing the negative with the positive.;

[16:50.36]It second rule may be:If someone else asks us for similar reactions,;

[16:57.30]we are inclined to hold back or gloss over the negative and embroider positive.;

[17:04.40]4.Criticism Is a   Kind of Demand on   Those Criticized;

[17:12.32]As children,many of us got a great deal of criticism and,;

[17:18.33]as a result,learned a variety of patterns for coping with it.;

[17:24.15]Marya had apparently received little criticism,;

[17:28.98]but,knowing that she was not perfect and deserved what other children got,;

[17:35.61]developed her own patterns of self judgment and censure.;

[17:40.40]Being judged,whether we are underestimated or overestimated,;

[17:46.78]usually implies a demand,subtle or direct,that we change.;

[17:53.10]If others do not demand change,we may feel the need to demand it of ourselves;

[18:00.25]Reactions that are relatively free from attempts to change or discredit us,;

[18:06.68]given by someone who cares for us,;

[18:09.77]and with the intention of letting us know what impressions we are making,;

[18:14.75]may be easier to take.If, however,;

[18:19.54]our usual reaction is to defend ourselves,;

[18:23.70]even mild criticism or impressions given gently without demands;

[18:29.48]that we change may play havoc with our defensive structure;

[18:34.50]and become difficult to handle.;

[18:38.00]5.How to Handle   Criticism;

[18:44.79]The surgeon reached over and jerked the syringe out of the nurse's hand.;

[18:51.94]"Jane, that's the sloppiest injection I've ever seen! " he snapped.;

[18:57.75]Quickly his fingers found the vein she had been searching for.;

[19:03.15]Cheeks burning,Jane turned away.;

[19:06.55]Ten years later, Jane's voice still trembles when she re- lates the experience;

[19:13.90]Some of our male co-workers have it easier.;

[19:18.17]They grew up encouraged to play team sports,;

[19:21.92]and they had to handle a coach's yells when they dropped the ball.;

[19:26.81]Now they can see that a goof on the job is like dropping the ball in football;

[19:34.32]the fumble is embarrassing,but you take it in stride and go on.;

[19:40.49]But for most women, the path to success was different.;

[19:45.74]As girls,we grew up wanting to be popular;;

[19:49.95]we were praised for what we were,not for what we did.;

[19:54.89]So our reaction to criticism is often, "Someone doesn't like me.;

[20:00.34]I failed to please. I'm a failure.";

[20:04.20]"I get defensive," says Rhonda, a teacher,;

[20:08.57]"When someone criti- cizes me, suddenly I'm a little girl again,;

[20:13.30]being scolded,and, I want to make excuses.;

[20:17.21]I want to explain that it's not my fault--it's someone else's,;

[20:21.89]or I want to hide and cry.";

[20:24.87]6.Take a Tactful   Approach;

[20:30.27]How about giving criticism?;

[20:33.46]The old "I-want-to- be-liked" syndrome;

[20:37.11]can make it as hard to give criticism as to take it.;

[20:41.95]Karen thinks she's found the answer.;

[20:45.65]"Two weeks after I was promoted to first-line supervi- sor," she remembers,;

[20:52.23]"I had to tell a friend;

[20:54.17]that she was in trouble for not turning in her week- ly reports on time.;

[20:59.14]My boss suggested that I tell Judy I didn't want to fix the blame--;

[21:05.09]I just wanted to fix the problem.;

[21:08.04]That was wonderful advice.;

[21:10.84]It allowed me to state the problem objectively to Judy;

[21:15.26]and she offered the solution. ";

[21:18.24]Criticism in the workplace,whether you're giving it or getting it,;

[21:24.84]is always more effective;

[21:26.95]when you focus on the task rather than on the person.;

[21:31.12]Fixing the problem, not the blame,;

[21:34.90]means that nobody has to feel chewed out or chewed-up.;

[21:39.31]We can still feel whole and learn something in the process.;

[21:45.72]Lesson 5 Is it Good for Students to Have Part-time Jobs?;

[21:54.65]Text School Part-timers;

[22:00.74]More and more high school students in Beijing;

[22:05.13]are turning their minds to Ways of making money.;

[22:09.50]They are capitaliz- ing on opportunities such as one group of students;

[22:15.64]who went to the front gate of the Children's Centre;

[22:19.07]in the East District of Beijing;

[22:21.45]when a film studio was there conducting auditions.;

[22:25.93]The group sold the young hopefuls application forms;

[22:30.69]at five fen a piece After getting the forms from the center for free.;

[22:36.67]Young entrepreneurs are also capitaliz ing on high demand commodities;

[22:43.27]not always available away from the big shopping centers.;

[22:48.26]Birthday or greeting cards.Are an example.;

[22:52.74]One department store estimated that;

[22:55.93]80 per cent of its sales of cards are to students for resale.;

[23:01.60]Xiao Li,a junior hi- gh school student at Fengtai District in the southwest region;

[23:08.77]Of the capital,spent 40 yuan buying cards from downtown shops;

[23:14.20]just before the Last Spring Festival.;

[23:17.60]She sold them at her school;

[23:20.39]and schools nearby at prices 15 to 20 per cent higher than what she had paid.;

[23:27.66]In a month she earned 100 yuan,;

[23:31.38]representing a 250 percent return on he initial investment.;

[23:37.67]A-senior high school student who had been selling cards;

[23:42.68]has now become an amateur wholesale dealer.;

[23:46.26]His wholesale price is 8 per cent higher than his purchasing price;

[23:51.85]and 10 per cent lower than the retail prices.;

[23:55.35]Within two months, he had earned several hundred yuan in profits.;

[24:01.47]Many students have merged their activi- ties to avoid price wars.;

[24:08.20]For example,in an area with few State- owned shops;

[24:12.92]and far from the city centre,;

[24:15.15]student union heads from the schools there;

[24:18.42]have reached an agreement on card prices.;

[24:21.77]The agreement says prices may be higher than at the downtown shops;

[24:27.64]but lower than at the peddlers' stalls;

[24:31.12]Card-selling is just a beginning.;

[24:34.71]Some students turn their eyes to other more profitable ventures.;

[24:39.99]Take one senior high school sophomore;

[24:43.40]who has developed a flourishing business selling photos of famous people.;

[24:49.38]He even has his own name card that reads:;

[24:53.21]The High School Student Corporation Ltd of Exploitation of New Technology.;

[24:59.65]The student carries a portfolios of the photos around with him in an album;

[25:05.94]to show his young customers.;

[25:08.34]He offers a wide variety of photos, from American movie stars,;

[25:14.19]Sylvester Stallone in Rambo pose to Taiwan's famous singer Qi Qin,;

[25:21.41]"These all depend on my high quality camera, ";

[25:25.14]he boasts and explains how he clipped the pictures from magazines,;

[25:30.46]photographed them and then developed the prints into various sizes.;

[25:35.69]He has sold hundreds;

[25:38.41]Another student is now an amateur salesman for a company;

[25:43.75]and earns a three per cent commission on each sale.;

[25:48.12]When he had earned 300 yuan through his own efforts,;

[25:53.00]he said,"I feel that I have really become an adult.";

[25:57.92]Most of the money the students earn is spent on themselves.;

[26:03.39]They can buy high- priced items like a pair of running shoes;

[26:08.30]which can cost as much as 100 yuan--a month's salary for an average worker.;

[26:15.09]Few parents can afford such luxuries;

[26:19.18]Some students find work to help them realize their dreams of a career.;

[26:25.78]Qian Qian wants to become an actress.;

[26:29.62]In her spare time she attends a class outside school;

[26:34.32]that costs 80 yuan a month in tuition,;

[26:37.80]an amount which her parents cannot afford to pay.;

[26:41.95]So she found a job as a waitress in a coffee house to earn her tuition fee.;

[26:48.74]Some students get into business for other reasons besides the money.;

[26:55.08]Zou Yue,a female student, from a fairly wealthy family,;

[27:00.72]took a job because, she said,;

[27:03.09]"Business can cultivate a sense of competition,;

[27:06.48]which is very important for us in the future.";

[27:10.46]A student who once sold cards;

[27:13.80]said young people are encouraged to be independent. "But how?" he asked.;

[27:20.32]"You can never be independent unless you can support you- rself financially.";

[27:26.04]He felt after-school work enhanced a young person's soci- al development,too.;

[27:32.52]Practical experience in the workforce has been stipulated;

[27:37.82]by the State Commis- sion of Education as a compulsory programme.;

[27:43.24]This is now closely related with econom- ic benefits among high school students;

[27:50.37]One student,sent by her school to work as a shop assistant at a temple fair,;

[27:57.07]earned five yuan a day for a seven-hour shift behind the counter.;

[28:02.71]"I had a sore throat after working for a few days, but I had to hold on,"she said;

[28:09.45]"I wanted to earn the money and also prove that I was an able girl.";

[28:14.92]These temporary job stints give high school students an insight;

[28:20.44]into what work and incomes are all about,;

[28:23.80]A job at a State- owned cinema may on- ly earn a worker 40 or 50 yuan a month.;

[28:31.60]But a job with a self-employed trader;

[28:34.67]may earn the assistant 8 or 10 yuan a day.;

[28:38.63]A writer may get about 20 yuan for an article in a newspa- per or a magazine,;

[28:45.38]but a clothes keeper in a swimming pool may earn at least 200 yuan a month.;