时间:2019-01-16 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

 很多人在英语学习的过程中经常被这样一个问题困扰,且往往百思不得其解——平时花大量时间背诵单词,然而待到动笔之时,能“派上用场”者却寥寥无几,即便用上若干,对其正确性仍旧缺乏信心。没少下功夫却换来这样一个结果,着实让学习者产生强烈的挫败感。在这里,我们即将讨论两个问题:一,造成这种后果的原因何在?二,如何通过词汇层面的学习,将这个问题解决掉。

 


为了弄清问题的原因,我们首先要从众多学习者对背单词的“背”字的理解入手。对于绝大多数学习者而言,所谓的背单词,就是记住所学单词的音、形、义,除此之外再无半点扩展。诚然,对音形义的掌握是学习单词的第一步,对语言学习的作用不可忽视。然而,掌握语言的最终目的却在于“运用”,而音形义任何一方面的记忆都没有上升到“用词”这个层面,而英文写作却是考察学习者综合运用词汇的项目。这样看来,英语学习者对词汇掌握的程度和写作需要学习者具备的能力之间的落差便导致了文中开头提到的那个棘手的问题。


那么,如何突破仅限于“音形义”的单词学习方法,上升到“用词”这一高度呢?我们在这里介绍一种“词汇搭配学习法”,即把单个词汇扩展到更大单位,即短语的学习方法,从而帮助学习者掌握新学词汇使用的场景,以及前后的搭配情况,使得语言的学习更为模块化,并最终促进学习者综合运用词汇能力的提高。下面以《新概念3》的词汇学习为例,向大家介绍这种方法,其中着重介绍写作中经常使用到的四种搭配,即名词+动词,形容词+名词,动词+名词,动词+介词。


(一)名词+动词


这种搭配结构从语法的角度分析属主谓结构,即掌握了此种搭配,在写作中便可写出一个句子。如:


They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily 1 accumulates. (L38)


对于逐渐积累起来的庞大材料,他们几乎不知道选取哪些好。


此句中,无论是evidence还是accumulate对于学习者来说都应该是新词,单独识记效果欠佳,若能掌握evidence + accumulate 这个搭配,则能在写作中游刃有余。又如:


The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat 2 sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. (L22)


大幕拉开,最后一幕戏开演,贵族独自一人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。


这一句中,curtain和go up 也是很实用的搭配。


(二)形容词+名词


此种搭配在写作中也是经常运用的,通常在一句话中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。下面这句中两个形容词+名词的搭配分别充当了表语和介词宾语。


Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized 3 society. (L60)


准时是文明社会中进行一切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。


又如:


Kidnappers 4 are rarely interested in Animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay's cat. (L19)


绑架者很少对动物感兴趣。最近,绑架者却盯上了埃莉诺.拉姆齐太太的猫。


此句中,除搭配记忆considerable和interest者外,还应将前面的动词take和后面的介词in一同识记,以便掌握更大的语言单位。


有时,搭配学习的范围,还应扩展到句子,正如下句中,应当将There was tremendous excitement看作一个完整的语言模块。


The sea-bed was scoured 5 with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.


他们用结实的网把海床搜索了一遍。当一只箱子从海底被打捞上来时,甲板上人们激动不已。


(三)动词+名词


此种搭配的掌握可以帮助学习者轻松完成句子中谓语和宾语的写作,只需加上适当的主语,便可以写出完整的一句话。也可将其中的动词变为非谓语形式,在句子中充当成分。如:


Insuring public or private property is a standard practice in most countries in the world. (L43)


承办公共财产或私人财产保险是世界上大部分国家的正常业务。


此句中,insure property这组搭配使用了动名词形式在句中充当主语。


又如:


Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn 6 as faintly as possible'. (L17)


尽管此桥很大,但它的结构简单,造型优美,实现了设计者企图创造一个“尽量用细线条勾画出一个庞然大物”的梦想。


fulfilling …dream使用了fulfill的现在分词形式,充当状语。


又如:


Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow 7 a government. (L45)



它们不仅可以给寻常人家的生活带来重大的变化,甚至还能推翻一个政府。




adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
n.贵族,有贵族气派的人,上层人物
  • He was the quintessential english aristocrat.他是典型的英国贵族。
  • He is an aristocrat to the very marrow of his bones.他是一个道道地地的贵族。
a.有教养的,文雅的
  • Racism is abhorrent to a civilized society. 文明社会憎恶种族主义。
  • rising crime in our so-called civilized societies 在我们所谓文明社会中日益增多的犯罪行为
n.拐子,绑匪( kidnapper的名词复数 )
  • They were freed yesterday by their kidnappers unharmed. 他们昨天被绑架者释放了,没有受到伤害。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The kidnappers had threatened to behead all four unless their jailed comrades were released. 帮匪们曾经威胁说如果印度方面不释放他们的同伙,他们就要将这四名人质全部斩首。 来自《简明英汉词典》
走遍(某地)搜寻(人或物)( scour的过去式和过去分词 ); (用力)刷; 擦净; 擦亮
  • We scoured the area for somewhere to pitch our tent. 我们四处查看,想找一个搭帐篷的地方。
  • The torrents scoured out a channel down the hill side. 急流沿着山腰冲刷出一条水沟。
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
v.推翻,打倒,颠覆;n.推翻,瓦解,颠覆
  • After the overthrow of the government,the country was in chaos.政府被推翻后,这个国家处于混乱中。
  • The overthrow of his plans left him much discouraged.他的计划的失败使得他很气馁。
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