战胜肥胖是一个长期复杂的问题

Fighting Obesity 1 Is a Long-Term, Complex Problem 战胜肥胖是一个长期复杂的问题

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health and Lifestyle report.

For the past 15 years, experts on obesity have gathered in Plymouth, England to attend a conference. It is estimated that more than half the city's adults are overweight or obese 2. The rest of Britain is not doing much better.

But what is happening in the U.K. is also happening in the U.S. and other Western countries as well as in a growing number of developing nations.

VOA's Joe De Capua talked with the expert who chaired the conference called the Plymouth Symposium 3 on Obesity, Diabetes 4 and Metabolic 5 Syndrome 6. Jonathan Pinkney is a professor of endocrinology and diabetes at Plymouth University.

Professor Pinkney said obesity is a long-term problem that is very difficult to solve. He said no one health issue has more impact on human health than obesity. Professor Pinkney called obesity a complex issue involving more than what a person eats.

“I personally feel that this is such a wide field. There are so many issues. There's politics. There's biology. There's the food industry. There's everything you can imagine. So, I think it’s right to talk about everything under one umbrella.

Overweight or obese?

Mr. Pinkney says obesity can interfere 7 and impair 8 the ability to have a normal life. It can destroy or devastate 9 personal relationship.

“When body size becomes so huge that it impairs 10 people’s day-to-day function and quality of life and well-being 11 and personal relationships … yeah, that’s kind of devastating 12. That tends to occur at a higher level of body weight.”

Mr. Pinkney warns that even people who are not considered obese can still be at risk. He said many people eat the wrong foods and do not get enough physical activity. People have been getting heavier and heavier slowly over time, he said. And that’s a problem.

“That's the more important point for the health of the population. You know, all the diabetes and heart attacks and cancers and things. I mean that's really caused by lower levels of weight gain.”

Effects of food industry advertising 13

The conference provided much information about the biology of the brain and appetite control. The professor said people know how to eat healthy. But this knowledge is often overtaken by marketing 14 of the food industry.

Advertisers show food on television and in print in a way that creates immediate 15 desire. Professor Pinkney said these images can help lead some people to eat unhealthy foods.

He said he believes such pressure overpowers the biological systems that work to keep people at a healthy weight. Professor Pinkney said it is difficult to make progress in populations that eat a lot of sugar, salt and fat.

“There's a multinational 16 food industry and there's huge vested interest in selling a lot of the stuff.”

The expert argued that the obesity epidemic 17 must be stopped at its source: when eating habits begin. Children, he said, often learn poor eating habits from their parents.

"I think a lot of things start very early in life. You know, it's difficult to break the habits of a lifetime, isn't it? I think we all find that. But I think our health and our prospects 18 for the future are kind of laid down fairly early. And I think that's not surprising. Big kids often have big parents. I think they learn this at an early stage.”

The professor suggests one way to improve the situation. He said children should be protected from advertising and marketing put out by the food industry.

Refined vs. unrefined carbohydrates 20

Besides marketing campaigns, the professor also blames refined carbohydrates and sugars for much of the obesity epidemic. Carbohydrates are commonly put into two groups: simple and complex. They can also be categorized as unrefined and refined carbohydrates.

"Refining" is a process that removes fiber 21, nutrients 22 and other items contained within the food in its natural state. Refining also concentrates sugars and can cause our blood sugar levels to change more rapidly than normal. This can cause people to feel tired or put them in a bad mood. It can also increase the appetite.

Prof. Pinkney said these refined, overly-processed foods set people up to fail. Without complex fiber, these foods do not satisfy a person's hunger for long. So, people eat their next meal sooner than normal.

Prof. Pinkney suggests we learn from our distant ancient ancestors -- the hunter-gatherers.   

“The hunter-gatherers, you know, going right back to last Ice Age and before that would have had a diet that was rich in complex, sort of, fiber type carbohydrate 19. There would be protein in it now and again. But it didn't have all the sugar. So, the diet that is, of course, followed by traditional peoples is radically 23 different.”

Prof. Pinkney said all these areas – from advertising and policy to medical interventions 24 – need to be addressed to stop the obesity epidemic.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says over 35 percent of American adults are obese. That is almost 79 million people. The government agency says more than 17 million children are obese. The yearly medical cost of obesity in the U.S. is almost $200 billion.

Words in This Story

symposium – n. a formal meeting at which experts discuss a particular topic

endocrinology – n. a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function and disorders 25 of the endocrine glands 26

devastate – v. to destroy much or most of (something) : to cause great damage or harm to (something) ; devastating is the adjective.

under one umbrella – idiomatic 27 expression to be in one place

appetite – n. a physical desire for food

habit – n. a usual way of behaving; something that a person does often in a regular and repeated way

intervene – v. to become involved in something (such as a conflict) in order to have an influence on what happens intervention is the noun