雅思听力的代词

 英语中代词的类型主要有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、相互代词和不定代词八大类。在这几类代词中如：人称代词（I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they及其宾格）；物主代词（my, your, his, her, its及其复数，mine, yours, his, hers, its及其复数）；指示代词（this, that, these, those）对考试的影响比较大。这些词很小，在听题或者做题过程中都非常容易被忽略，而考生如果没有弄清楚代词的指代，理解上一定会有出入，导致做题出错。

　　很多考生做题的准确率低都跟审题不到位有关系，看了题却没真正看懂，或者没有记住题目说了什么，等做题时边听边看把握不好平衡就容易出错。分析认为，不注意代词就是审题不到位的一种表现。
　　例1：剑5 Test 1 Section 4 Question
　　31. According to George Bernard Shaw, men are supposed to understand __politics___, economics and finance.
　　32. However, women are more prepared to _______ about them.
　　在审题时非常容易预测到32题需要填的是一个动词原形，根据31和32两题之间however的转折关系以及上下句分述男女的不同情况，可以想到them指代的为31题中提到的politics, economics and finance。原文：……unwilling to accept essential instruction. He also said, A woman, having fewer pretensions 1, is far more willing to learn. 原文两句话都是作家George Bernard Shaw提出的有关男女对政治经济的不同对待态度，根据这层关系及词性，learn为最终答案。
　　专家提醒广大考生，在做选择题时要特别注意问题和选项之间的结合，千万不能利用问题定位完之后就抛开问题信息只判断选项正确与否。选项本身对了不代表选项是正确的，如果和问题没有正确的逻辑关系依然是错误的选项。
　　例2：剑8 Test 2 Section 3
　　Question 22. A problem with Asian honey bees is that they
　　A. attack native bees
　　B. carry parasites 2
　　C. damage crops
　　问题中的they指代Asian honey bees, 即三个选项的主体。原文有点复杂，定位点听到后就需要对代词进行判断：What’s wrong with Asian Honey Bees（定位点）? Are they (Asian Honey Bees) so different from Australian bees? Well, in fact, they (Asian Honey Bees) look almost the same, but they (Asian Honey Bees) are infested 3 with mites—microscopic creatures which live on them (Asian Honey Bees), and which (mites) can seriously damage our own home-grown bees, or could wipe them out. 很多考生常常因为听到damage而错选了A选项，damage的主体其实是mites而不是Asian Honey Bees, 因此不成立；如果错选了C选项，则是没有注意到crops完全没有出现，这种错误更不应该。如果这两个选项能够成功排除，那么即便parasite（寄生虫）不认识也可以选出B选项。
　　同理Question 23. What point is made about Australian bees?
　　A. Their honey varies in quality.
　　B. Their size stops them from pollinating some flowers.
　　C. They are sold to customers abroad.
　　选项中的their和they都是指Australian bees。原文中：Australia exports native Queen bees to a large number of countries because of this. 该句是正确选项C的对应点，但是考生可能由于对export和sold abroad的同义转换不敏感而忽略该信息。而B选项对应的句子when the European Honey Bee was first discovered out in the bush……and they (European Honey Bee) were also too big to pollinate many of our native flowers here in Australia中出现了和选项中一样的单词，干扰性比较强，但主体是European Honey Bee, 和原文不符。
　　从以上例子看来，审题时理解到代词的指代意义是非常重要的，当然更重要的是在听题的时候也能够理解代词的指代。
　　例3：剑4 Test 2 Section 2
　　Question 12. Stress may be caused by
　　Question 13. International students may find stress difficult to handle because
　　这两道连续的选择题都是和stress相关的，因此在第一题的内容讲完后，原文中说道：you have to cope with all this without your usual social network. 该句话和Question 13的题干同义转换：international students转换为you, stress转换为this, handle转换为cope with, 由于定位名词stress转换成了this不容易被发现，所以考生很容易在定位上出现问题。
　　例4：剑5 Test 4 Section 4 Question 37-40, 这是一道典型的以代词来判断答案的题目，如果在听的时候注意不到代词的指向，会觉得题目讲得特别快，很难选择。如：
　　Question 38. advising on bibliography 4 presentation _________
　　原文：Your tutors will tell you at the outset how to set out the chapters they (tutors) require but you will need to ask them (tutors) how they (tutors) would like you to organize the bibliography. 在该句中考生在听的时候需要理解到they和them指的就是前面提到的tutor才能做出正确选择，而由于语速问题，审题不全面或者整体节奏没有跟上等等原因，很多考生都非常容易在这里出错。
　　另外，还要提醒考生们关注的是，考生在听每一篇文章，不论是对话还是独白时，都可以在开头介绍处关注一下对话的双方或者说话者和听话者分别是谁，这对理解或者猜题都有好处。上文例4中的international students为说话人口中的you就能体现出这一点。