【CET 12-24备战】之阅读技巧（二）

第二讲：事实细节题（二）
 
命题规律 

　列举处常考
　列举处指的是 First,...,Second ,...,Third,..., 等并列关系词出现的部分。要求考生从列举出的内容中 , 选出符合题干要求的答案项。列举方式有时不用数字排序 , 而是采取句式排比的方式进行。

 　举例与打比方的地方常考
     为了使自己的观点更具有说服力，更加明确 ，作者常以具体的例子来佐证。这些例子或比喻常会成为考点，因此考生应对那些引出这些例子或比喻的标志词加以注意。这类词很多，常见的有as, such, for example, for instance, a case, in point 等。

 　（指示）代词出现处常考
     这类考题 ,常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的句际关系和意义。

 　引用人物论断处常考
     作者为正确表达自己观点或使论点更有依据 , 常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要发现等。命题者常在此处作文章。

 　特殊标点符号后的内容常考
     由于特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明， 因此命题者常对标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号（表解释），括号（表解释），冒号（表解释），引号（表引用）。 

答题技巧 

1、 选项内容与其他三项有较大差别的 , 可能为答案。

■例题
CET4 1996年6月第3篇
  Most our patients(注:指上文中提到的terminally iil patients) welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly,and frankly 1 about their trouble.Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed,to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.

Q:The need of a dying patient for company shows____.
  [A]his desire for communication with other people
  [B]his fear of approaching death
  [C]his pessimistic attitude towards his condition
  [D]his reluctance 2 to part with his family

正确答案是 [A]
    若时间不充分，在紧急状态下，对四个选项进行对比后可发现选项[A]内容与众不同，其他三 项均表明了对死亡来临时悲观的心情，如恐惧、悲观、不情愿等，只有[A]表明了渴望与他人交流的意愿。当然若时间充分可对原文相关部分进行分析， 以选文第一句为例，其意为：多数病人想与他人坦诚地谈谈自己的麻烦和困惑。由此可见，这是一种对交流的渴望，因而选[A]。

 2、答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。这些语气词有 :must,always,never,the most,al1,merely,only,have to,any,no,completely,none,hardly 等。

而选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有： could,may,often,should,usually,might,most(大多数),more or less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily等。

 在议论文中那些符合一般常识的选项，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般性规律，属于普通现象的选项往往是答案项。

■例题
CET6 2002年1月第30题
  It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise.Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy.If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving 3 it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.

Q:The primary solution to environmental problems is____.
  [A]to allow market forces to operate properly
  [B]to curb 4 consumption of natural resources
  [C]to limit the growth of the world population
  [D]to avoid fluctuations 5 in prices

正确答案是 [A]
    本题题干是问解决环境问题的基本方法是什么，四个选项中[D]项“避免价格波动”与题干无关，[B]项“限制自然资源的消耗”和[C]项“控制世界人口的增长”虽然有利于环境问题的解决，但不是基本解决方法。故[A]项为正确答案。由文章最后一段话说：在价格和市场手段不能正常运转的地方便会出现环境、能源等问题，可以推出：环境问题的解决之道便在于让市场、价格手段正常地发挥作用，从而验证[A]项正确。 

 3、细节题干扰项特点：(1)与原句内容相反；(2)与原文内容一半相同一半不同；(3)与原句内容相似但过于绝对化；(4)原文中根本没提到。

 
练习

完成下面的题目，并说明这一题是属于哪一种命题方式（在节目中提到的几种答题技巧中选取）

1.  Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement 6. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak,and act similarly, on the job at least.

Q:According to the passage,people wearing uniforms___.

 [A]are usually helped
 [B]have little or no individual freedom
 [C]tend to lose their individuality
 [D]enjoy greater popularity

2.   In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly 7 determined 8, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.

Q:The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that____.

 [A]their social roles are rigidly determined
 [B]most boys would like to follow their fathers professions
 [C]boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers
 [D]they like challenging activities

3.   When school officials in Kalkaska,Michigan,closed classes last week,the media flocked to the story,portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy（吝啬的）taxpayers.There is some truth to that;the property tax rate here is one third lower than the state average.But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkaska’s educators and the state’s largest teachers’ union, the Michigan Education Association, to make a political point.Their aim was to spur Passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding.

Q:We learn from the Passage that schools in Kalkaska,Michigan,are funded_____.

 [A]mainly by the state government
 [B]exclusively by the local government
 [C]by the National Education Association
 [D]by both the local and state government
 
答案

1.答案是[C]。在时间不充裕情况下，我们粗略对照原文，发现对“穿制服”的讨论与individuality有关。四个选项中，[B和[C]涉及这一内容，而[刨项中由于使用“little”和“no”使语气过于绝对，[C]项则使用语气较为缓和的“tend to”，因此可确定[C]为正确答案。但是切记，若时间来得及，一定要返回原文有关部分验证答案，原文大意是：反对穿制服者的基本观点是制服缺少多样化，因此会使穿制服的人也失去个性。
答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。

2.答案是[A]。四个选项中，[A]项与其他几项相比符合人们对男女角色的普遍认识，而其他三项都有偏颇之处。 再返回原文，就在题干所涉及的句子之后，出现了[A]项关键词“social roles，rigidly determined”等，再次验证[A]， 因而选[A]。
议论文中符合一般常识的选项，富有深刻哲理，符合一般规律的选项。

3.快速阅读本段可知答案在[A]、[B]、[D]选项中，选项[A]和选项[B]说得过于绝对，[D]项用了both…and句型，所以[D]为正确答案。但是，如果时间来得及，一定要到原文中验证答案。由本段第一句话中“students as victims of stingy taxpayers”和第二句话中提到的当地的税率较低这一点可知，当地的教育经费一部分来自于地方的税收；再由本段最后一句话中“the states share of school funding”可知，州政府也分担教育经费。故验证[D]为正确答案。
答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。