美国总统林肯面部极端不对称
美国总统林肯面部极端不对称
Lincoln may have had facial defect艺术家、雕塑家和摄影师都知道美国总统林肯的脸有很英俊的一面。现在，科学也证实了这一点。
Artists， sculptors 2 and photographers knew Abraham Lincoln's face had a good side． Now it's confirmed by science。
新研究称：科学家对林肯的两个石膏活人面模进行了激光扫描，发现这位第十六届美国总统的面部异常不对称。
Laserscans of two life masks， made from plaster casts（1） of Lincoln's face，reveal the 16th president's unusual degree of facial asymmetry（2），according to a new study。
林肯左脸比右脸小很多，是一种被称为“头颅面部短小”的生理异常。除此之外，现代医生对林肯诊断后还发现他患有天花、心脏病和抑郁症。
The left side of Lincoln’s face was much smaller than the right， anGetWord（"aberration"）；（3） called cranial（4） facial microsomia。 The defect joins a long list of ailments 3 — including smallpox（5）， heart illness and depression — that modern doctors have diagnosed in Lincoln。
当时林肯身边的人发现，有时候当他的左眼向上看的时候，右眼却可以丝毫不动，现在我们称这种情况为斜视。此项研究的主研究人Ronald Fishman博士说：林肯左眼眶比右眼眶小，可能导致控制眼部垂直运动的Lincoln’s contemporaries（6） noted 4 his left eye at times drifted upward independently of his right eye， a condition now termed GetWord（"strabismus"）；（7）。 Lincoln’s smaller left eye socket（8） may have displaced a muscle controlling vertical 5 movement， said Dr。 RonaldFishman， who led the study。
严重斜视会导致复视，可以依赖当今医学手术痊愈。
Severe strabismus leads to double vision and can be treated today by surgery。
退休华盛顿眼科专家、历史迷Fishman说：“林肯只是偶尔产生复视，对他影响不大。”
Lincolnnoticed double vision only occasionally and it did not bother him agreat deal，" said Fishman， a retired 6 Washington， D．C．，ophthalmologist（9） and history buff（10）。
Fishman说大多数人的脸都有不同程度不对称，但是林肯的特别严重，他的左眉骨比右眉骨圆、窄、靠后。
Most people’s faces are asymmetrical 7， Fishman said， but Lincoln's case was extreme， with the bony ridge 8 over his left eye rounder and thinner thanthe right side， and set backward。
总统山雕刻者Gutzon Borglum形容林肯的左脸像原始人，非常不成熟，未发育完全。
Mount Rushmore sculptor 1 Gutzon Borglum described the left side of Lincoln's face as primitive 9， immature 10 and unfinished。
虽然林肯小时候被马磕过头，但是激光扫描未能发现这一撞击对他面部的不平衡造成任何影响。
When Lincoln was a boy， he was kicked in the head by a horse。 Laser scans can’t settle whether the kick or a developmental defect — or neither —contributed to Lincoln‘s lopsided（11） face， Fishman said。
这项扫描技术通常用于为兔唇或者腭裂儿童做手术前后三维制图。Fishman和德克萨斯奥斯汀的正牙医生Adriana DaSilveira博士合作完成此项研究。Adriana擅长治疗儿童面部缺陷，他们一起扫描了芝加哥历史博物馆中保存的一只青铜、一只塑料的林肯活人面具复制品。
The scanning technique is usually used to create 3－D images of children with cleft 11 lip（12） and palate（13） before and after surgery。 Fishmanteamed up with Dr。 Adriana Da Silveira， an Austin， Texas，Get Word（"orthodontist"）；（14） who specializes in children with facial defects， to scan a bronze and a plaster copy of two life masks， owned by the Chicago History Museum。
林肯总统博物馆馆长James Cornelius说在十九世纪六世年代，活人面具是一种时尚。
Life masks were in vogue（15） in the 1860s， said James Cornelius， curator at the Lincoln Presidential Library。
林肯一共做过两个面具，第一个是1860年第一次总统竞选提名的时候，第二个是被刺杀前两个月的时候。Cornelius说林肯当时作面具多半出于政治目的，而不是为了让后人纪念。
Lincoln cooperated with sculptors to make them twice， in 1860 before his first presidential nomination 12， and in 1865， two months before his assassination 13。 Lincoln probably did it for political purposes more than posterity（16）， Cornelius said.
- A sculptor forms her material.雕塑家把材料塑造成雕塑品。
- The sculptor rounded the clay into a sphere.那位雕塑家把黏土做成了一个球状。
- He is one of Britain's best-known sculptors. 他是英国最有名的雕塑家之一。
- Painters and sculptors are indexed separately. 画家和雕刻家被分开，分别做了索引。
- His ailments include a mild heart attack and arthritis. 他患有轻度心脏病和关节炎。
- He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。
- The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
- Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
- The northern side of the mountain is almost vertical.这座山的北坡几乎是垂直的。
- Vertical air motions are not measured by this system.垂直气流的运动不用这种系统来测量。
- The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
- Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
- Most people's faces are asymmetrical.多数人的脸并不对称。
- Folds may be gentle and symmetrical,or sharp and asymmetrical.褶皱可以是平缓而对称的，也可以是陡峭而非对称的。
- We clambered up the hillside to the ridge above.我们沿着山坡费力地爬上了山脊。
- The infantry were advancing to attack the ridge.步兵部队正在向前挺进攻打山脊。
- It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
- His book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。
- Tony seemed very shallow and immature.托尼看起来好像很肤浅，不夠成熟。
- The birds were in immature plumage.这些鸟儿羽翅未全。
- I hid the message in a cleft in the rock.我把情报藏在石块的裂缝里。
- He was cleft from his brother during the war.在战争期间，他与他的哥哥分离。
- John is favourite to get the nomination for club president.约翰最有希望被提名为俱乐部主席。
- Few people pronounced for his nomination.很少人表示赞成他的提名。
- The assassination of the president brought matters to a head.总统遭暗杀使事态到了严重关头。
- Lincoln's assassination in 1865 shocked the whole nation.1865年，林肯遇刺事件震惊全美国。