时间:2019-01-02 作者:英语课 分类:2017年VOA慢速英语(七)月


英语课

 


Welcome to Words and Their Stories, from VOA Learning English.


On this program we explore the origin and history of American expressions and teach you how to use them.


Today we focus more on history than usage 1. We are going to answer an age-old question that may have been keeping you awake at night. Well, perhaps not. But it’s still an interesting word story!


The pronunciation of some words can cause trouble for people learning English. For example, words such as “circle,” “sir,” “certainly” and “surprise” all sound as if they begin with the same letters. But they don’t.


Knowing language of origin for an unknown or new word – its roots – can help you pronounce the word the right way. Just ask any student who has ever competed in a spelling bee. One question that spelling bee contestants 3 can ask the judges during the event is, “What is the language of origin?”


Nyctinasty


Nyctinasty. Will you please give me the language of origin?


It’s made up of Greek elements that were probably first combined in German.


N-y-c-t-i-n-a-s-t-y. Nyctinasty.


Correct.


The development or evolution of a word over time can also play a part in how we say it. In fact, both origin and evolution are involved in the pronunciation of the word “colonel 4.”


First, what does “colonel” mean?


A colonel is a military official. In the United States, it can mean an officer in the Army, Air Force or Marine 5 Corps 6.


Colonel is spelled c-o-l-o-n-e-l. So, why do Americans say colonel as if it is spelled k-e-r-n-e-l? Adding to the confusion 7 is that "kernel 8" is a word of its own and one that has several meanings.


But, let’s get back to “colonel” … the c-o-l-o-n-e-l one.


We know that many languages borrow and even steal words from other languages. The English language is probably the biggest thief of them all! It stole "colonel" from at least two countries – maybe even three.


First, let's talk about Italy.


By the 15th century, Italian forces were known for being good at war. So, many Italian war terms spread across Europe, including the word "colonel." It comes from the Italian word ‘colonnello.’ This is the position given to the officer responsible for a small force or column of soldiers.


Then there's the influence of France on “colonel.”


The French also took this word from the Italians. But when they added it to their language, they changed the word "colonnelo" to "coronel." Language experts say this is because the French wanted to have the "r" sound in the word, instead of the two "l" sounds.


Finally, let's not forget Spain.


At the same time, the Spanish were also pronouncing c-o-l-o-n-e-l as k-e-r-n-e-l. It is possible that both the French and the Spanish pronunciation affected 9 the English version of the word.


In addition to country of origin, there is something else at play in the word history of "colonel": written versus 10 spoken language.


From the very beginning, when this word came into English in the 1500s, there were two versions of spelling and two pronunciations.


By around the 17th century, the word began appearing in military treaties across Europe. So, the written form of the word (colonel) and the spoken ("kernel") were both being used.


In English, a combination won out. Colonel was spelled c-o-l-o-n-e-l but pronounced "kernel."


Please let me apologize from the bottom of my heart for our crazy and sometimes confusing English pronunciations!


That's all for this Words and Their Stories. Join us again next week when we talk about more words and expressions in American English.


I'm Anna Matteo.


Words in This Story


age-old – adj. very old : having existed for a very long time


pronounce – v. to make the sound of (a word or letter) with your voice : pronunciation – n. the way in which a word or name is pronounced


contestant 2 – n. a person who takes part in a contest


confusing – adj. difficult to understand


column – n. a long row of people or things — often + of : a column of troops/cars


versus – prep. used to indicate two different things, choices, etc., that are being compared or considered


bottom of my heart – informal expression with sincere, deep feelings


crazy – adj. very strange or unusual



n.惯用法,使用,用法
  • I am clear about the usage of this word at last.这个词的用法我算是弄明白了。
  • The usage is now firmly established.这种用法现已得到确认。
n.竞争者,参加竞赛者
  • The company will furnish each contestant with a free ticket.公司将为每个参赛者免费提供一张票。
  • The personal appearance and interview of the contestant is another count.参加比赛者的个人仪表和谈话也是一项。
n.竞争者,参赛者( contestant的名词复数 )
  • The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries. 这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。
  • Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency. 两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.(英国陆军、美国陆空军及海军陆战队)上校
  • It's a pity we didn't mend our fences with the colonel.可惜我们还没有和上校先生调整好关系。
  • An army major ranks between a captain and a colonel.陆军少校的军阶在上尉与中校之间。
adj.海的;海生的;航海的;海事的;n.水兵
  • Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
n.(通信等兵种的)部队;(同类作的)一组
  • The medical corps were cited for bravery in combat.医疗队由于在战场上的英勇表现而受嘉奖。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
n.困惑,迷乱,混淆,混乱,骚乱
  • His answers to my questions have only added to my confusion.他对我的问题的回答只是使我更加困惑不解。
  • His unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion.他的突然来访使我们完全不知所措。
n.(果实的)核,仁;(问题)的中心,核心
  • The kernel of his problem is lack of money.他的问题的核心是缺钱。
  • The nutshell includes the kernel.果壳裹住果仁。
adj.不自然的,假装的
  • She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
  • His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
标签: VOA慢速英语
学英语单词
6-O-Methylerythromycin
age sex composition
All-souls'-day
almost-certain
aluminium conductor aluminium clad steel reinforced
aphyllous plant
astatic electro dynamometer
bark picture
bloody shame
breeder cockerel
bung fodder
cable ferry
cantacuzinoes
cayugas
cerebral diataxia
Ceylon cinnamon tree
chhertums
chicadees
chip-breaking flute
cholopleth map
closed high
coextend
crane fall
Darwinian
DBMC
DC arc welding
dealings in foreign notes and coins
distorted polyhedra
electrical degree
end breakage rate
endo-dextranase
exhaust column
f.thomas
financial indicator
flexible tube pump
folk dancers
Forkville
freedom of conscience
fundamental diagram
green leech
grill car
grow like a weed
grunberg
high resolution spectrometer
high-wrought
hit your stride
hold on
immediate address mode
impetiginous syphilid
in bad shape
insurrectionary officer
intrazone
kicking horse p.
lead(ii) iodate
ligamenta hyothyreoideum medium
logging machinery
Louys, Pierre
monosalient pole
mumismatics
myeloid metaplasia
nuzzling
Oboke-kyo
oligomenorrhea
osmotic pressures
over-commonly
Parsons table
participant as observer
Pesek, Sungai
pharyngospasmus
plot of land
polybutilate
post-neonatal mortality rate
posty
power-unit failure speed
purnell process
rachitic flat pelvis
rein in a horse
roller bandages
rotary actuator with two pistons
roughs
scarifying rotor
sculpture teeth
sexually attractive
shihab
simultaneous print-plot
spud can base
st-laurent
standing gage block
stream of bits
sun porch
super powder
telemetry acquisition
tensile shear test
text someone
thermomicroscopy
timing program
unpaid expense
warrant of arrest
washtenaw
wave of oscillation
yenikapi
zone transfer