美国学生人类历史 第116期:教会之兴(3)

After a while they began to meet the men and women who preached the words of Jesus. 又过了不久，他们开始与宣传基督福音的男男女女们有了私下的接触， They found them very different from the average Roman priests. 发现他们

美国学生人类历史 第123期:穆罕默德(2)

The story of Ahmed, the son of Abdallah and Aminah (usually known as Mohammed, or he who will be praised,; reads like a chapter in theThousand and One Nights. 阿哈默德是阿布达拉和阿米娜的儿子，世人皆称他为穆罕默德，意思是

美国学生人类历史 第122期:穆罕默德(1)

Chapter 28 Mohammed 第二十八章 穆罕默德 Ahmed, the camel-driver, who became the prophet of the arabian desert and whose followers almost conquered the entire known world for the greater glory of allah,the only true god 赶骆驼者阿哈默德

美国学生人类历史 第121期:教会之兴(8)

A few years before, Zoea?, the daughter of his brother Thomas, had married Ivan III of Russia. 几年前，帕利奥洛格的兄长托马斯之女左伊公主嫁给俄罗斯的伊凡三世为妻。 In this way did the grand-dukes of Moscow fall heir

美国学生人类历史 第120期:教会之兴(7)

The Lombards and Saxons and Slavs who succeeded the Goths were weak and backward tribes. 继任哥特人统治意大利的伦巴德人、撒克逊人和斯拉夫人，他们属于实力较弱的落后部落。 Under those circumstances it was possibl

美国学生人类历史 第119期:教会之兴(6)

The old gods must be destroyed. 形形色色的旧神抵必须被摧毁， For a short spell the emperor Julian, a lover of Greek wisdom, managed to save the pagan Gods from further destruction. 主宰世界的只能是基督教唯一的上帝。有一

美国学生人类历史 第118期:教会之兴(5)

They spoke a language which left no doubt as to the future of unrepentant sinners. 气度沉稳，言之凿凿。讲到拒不悔改的人在地狱的悲惨情形， The Teutons were deeply impressed. 让条顿人不由自主感到深深的触动。 T

美国学生人类历史 第117期:教会之兴(4)

The Christian communities however, refused to practice any sort of tolerance. 但基督教社团 却拒绝任何宽容与妥协。 They publicly declared that their God, and their God alone, was the true ruler of Heaven and Earth, and that all other

美国学生人类历史 第115期:教会之兴(2)

When the first disciples of Jesus reached Rome and began to preach their new doctrine of a universal brotherhood of man, nobody objected. 当第一批基督耶稣的信徒们抵达罗马，开始宣讲他们爱人如己，人人都是兄弟的新信仰

美国学生人类历史 第114期:教会之兴(1)

Chapter 27 Rise of the church 第二十七章 教会之兴 How Rome became the center of the Christian world 罗马如何成为基督教世界的中心新教徒到来 The average intelligent Roman who lived under the Empire had taken very little inte

美国学生人类历史 第113期:罗马帝国的衰亡(6)

The old bridges were gone and commerce had come to a standstill. 帝国的大道因年旧失修而塌陷，桥梁断绝，早已不堪使用。 Civilisation-the product of thousands of years of patient labor on the part of Egyptians and Babylonians a

美国学生人类历史 第112期:罗马帝国的衰亡(5)

In the year 402 the Emperor fled to Ravenna, which was a sea-port and strongly fortified, 公元402年，西罗马皇帝逃往拉维纳。 and there, in the year 475, Odoacer, commander of a regiment of the German mercenaries, 这里是一座海港，城

美国学生人类历史 第111期:罗马帝国的衰亡(4)

This made Rome very uncomfortable as an Imperial residence. 这样的事情常常发生，使得作为帝国首都的罗马变成了一个令人不快的居所。 Constantine(who ruled from 323 to 337) looked for a new capital. 康士坦丁皇帝（公

美国学生人类历史 第110期:罗马帝国的衰亡(3)

But they were not willing to engage in warfare for the benefit of an ambitious emperor who aspired to glory by way of a foreign campaign in the land of the Parthians or the Numidians or the Scots. 但他们不愿为罗马帝国打仗，因为那不过是

美国学生人类历史 第109期:罗马帝国的衰亡(2)

But the underlying causes of the decay of the State, of which I have told you in a former chapter, had not been removed and reform therefore was impossible. 不过正如我在上一章讲过的，罗马帝国的根基已经锈蚀，造成它衰败的深

美国学生人类历史 第149期:教皇与皇帝之争(5)

The Pope answered with excommunication and a demand that the German princes rid themselves of their unworthy ruler. 格利高里的回答是将亨利四世逐出教会，并号召德意志的王公们驱逐这位德行败坏、不配为人君主的国王

美国学生人类历史 第148期:教皇与皇帝之争(4)

In the year 1059 this had been changed. 不过到公元1059年，情况发生了变化。 By a decree of Pope Nicholas II the principal priests and deacons of the churches in and around Rome were organised into the so-called College of Cardinals, 根据

美国学生人类历史 第147期:教皇与皇帝之争(3)

It was never easy to give the correct answer. 给出正确的答案真是挺困难的。 When the Emperor happened to be a man of energy and was sufficiently well provided with money to organise an army, 有时皇帝碰巧是位精力充沛的政治强

美国学生人类历史 第146期:教皇与皇帝之争(2)

The people of the early Middle Ages never saw a textbook of Roman history. 中世纪的人们从未读过任何一本有关罗马历史的教科书。 They were ignorant of many things which every school-boy today knows before he has entered the thir

美国学生人类历史 第145期:教皇与皇帝之争(1)

Chapter 33 Pope vs. emperor 第三十三章 教皇与皇帝之争 The strange double loyalty of the people of the middle ages and how it led to endless quarrels between the popes and the holy roman emperors 中世纪人民奇特的双重效忠制度，