词汇大师-- New Book Looks at Influence of Servants

　　AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on WORDMASTER: Finding inspiration in the words of those around us.

RS: The American poet Emily Dickinson wrote the lines "I'm Nobody! Who are you? Are you -- Nobody -- too? Then there's a pair of us!" When she wrote those lines, she might have been writing about the men and women who tended her kitchen hearth 1 and household grounds in the quiet country town of Amherst, Massachusetts. Except that the 19th century poet, who yearned 2 for privacy, became a famous "somebody" while her maids and stablemen, gardeners and laundry workers were forgotten.

AA: But Faith Lapidus tells us about a new book called "Maid as Muse 3: How Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language."

　　FL: Emily Dickinson wrote almost 2,000 poems and countless 4 letters. Her literary style is instantly recognizable -- short sentences, partial rhymes and unconventional punctuation 5.

Writer Aife Murray says Dickinson's poems often got their start in her kitchen, where she spent a large portion of each day, baking. She would draft poems on the back of recipes, shopping lists, chocolate bar wrappers, pharmacy 6 flyers and wings of envelopes.

AIFE MURRAY: "Before she had a maid, she was in there cooking and doing all of the baking. When a maid was hired to permanently 7 work in the kitchen, Dickinson actually remained in the kitchen to write."

Over the years, Dickinson had hired an ethnically 8 diverse group of servants: African-American gardeners, Yankee seamstresses, Native American laborers 9, stablemen from England and maids from Ireland.

In her book, "Maid as Muse," Murray explores the relationship between Dickinson and her staff.

AIFE MURRAY: Emily Dickinson isolated 10 herself from her peers, the wealthy leading families of the town as she got older, but the poor community was in and out. I mean, the servants' children were running her errands, taking her letters around the neighborhood. She was rewarding them with pieces of cake. I mean, the world came to her."

For the last 17 years of her life, Dickinson shared her kitchen with Margaret Maher, an Irish immigrant. Dickinson wrote her poems while cooking with Maher. She stored them in her maid's trunk, trusting Maher to keep them safe.

This everyday interaction, Murray says, changed the way Dickinson felt about poor people, especially those coming from Ireland.

AIFE MURRAY: "When she was much younger, she actually made rather hateful comments about Irish immigrants that were pouring into the country, escaping famine conditions in Ireland [around 1854-55]. But yet, at the end of her life, in an incredibly telling gesture, in a funeral that she scripted before her death, she picked six of the family's workmen, laborers, gardeners and stable hands to be her pallbearers. That was a shocking thing to her family and to neighbors."

Murray says the presence of domestic servants allowed Dickinson to flourish as a writer, and influenced her literary voice.

AIFE MURRAY: "First of all, having a maid made it possible for her to write. Her writing really jumps in a huge way when a permanent maid is in the kitchen. She goes from writing no poems to writing almost a poem a week. But in terms of language changes, what really surprised me was how she really enfolded some of that language of her writing."

She points to the poem "It was not death, for I stood up" as an example.

AIFE MURRAY: "'It was not Death, for I stood up,

And all the Dead, lie down --

It was not Night, for all the Bells

Put out their Tongues, for Noon.

It was not Frost, for on my Flesh

I felt Siroccos -- crawl -- '

"That poem and that grammatical structure, it is classically the way people in Ireland speak English."

The voice of Dickenson's African-American servants is also heard in her writings.

AIFE MURRAY: "'Promise This -- When You Be Dying --

Some shall summon Me -- '

"And that way in which she says 'when you be dying,' that's so classically the way African-Americans structure their sentences, with that interesting use of be."

"Maid as Muse" author Aife Murray says writing her book was a way for her to give credit where credit is due, to the unsung men and women whose language and culture enhanced the work of one of America's best-loved poets.

AA: That was Faith Lapidus with a report written by Faiza Elmasry. And that's WORDMASTER for this week

RS: With Avi Arditti, I'm Rosanne Skirble.