时间:2018-12-30 作者:英语课 分类:自考英语(一)78讲


英语课













 






   
  Tough
  painting—water color—sketch
  Local government
  Localization
  Greece
  Mathematics
  Base
  Footnote
  Forehead
  philosophy
  Commonly—ordinarily
  Classic
  Flat—apartment
  Flat tyre
  Refer to---referee
  Navy—log—voyage—sailor
  Calculation—calculator
  Fixed
  In line with—out of line with
  Rely on / upon
   
  LESSoN EIGHTEEN
                                       TEXT  B
                          Why Are Maps Drawn 1 with North at the Top 
      Now it is hard to visualize 2 a map that does not feature north at the top, but this was not always so.
      The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3,800 BC, and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia, Iraq. This, and others that followed it, were little more than rough sketches 3 of localized features; it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound footing.
      At the forefront of the pioneers in the field was the Greek mathematician 4 and philosopher Claudius ptolemaeus (c. AD 90-168), more popularly known to history as ptolemy. The last great scientist of the classical period, he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination. Earlier, the Babylonians had attempted to map the world, but they presented it in the form of a flattened 5 disc rather than a sphere, which was the form adopted by ptolemy.
      Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong; for example, his estimate of China and the Atlantic ocean was far from being accurate. Nevertheless, it was a useful effort, and the map remained a work of reference for over a thousand years. In fact, Christopher Columbus used a version of it when he set sail in search of the New World -- which caused him some navigational problems, since ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware 6 that the pacific ocean existed.
      The really important thing about ptolemys map was that north was at the top. The reason for this was that he decided 7 to orientate 8 the map in the direction of the pole Star since polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of that era placed their trust.
      North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages, when the Church began to interfere 9 seriously with the advance of science. In accordance with the orders of the Church, maps were still produced in accordance with ptolemys principles -- but now Jerusalem was the central feature, as it was held to be the center of the Christian 10 faith, and east was moved to the top.
      These maps are often called T Maps because they show only three continents -- Europe, Asia and Africa -- separated by the T formed by the Mediterranean 11 Sea and the River Nile. From a navigational point of view, they were almost useless.
      More accurate maps began to appear in the 14th century, with the spread of trade and increasing reliance on the compass. once again, north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.


 



v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
vt.使看得见,使具体化,想象,设想
  • I remember meeting the man before but I can't visualize him.我记得以前见过那个人,但他的样子我想不起来了。
  • She couldn't visualize flying through space.她无法想像在太空中飞行的景象。
n.草图( sketch的名词复数 );素描;速写;梗概
  • The artist is making sketches for his next painting. 画家正为他的下一幅作品画素描。
  • You have to admit that these sketches are true to life. 你得承认这些素描很逼真。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.数学家
  • The man with his back to the camera is a mathematician.背对着照相机的人是位数学家。
  • The mathematician analyzed his figures again.这位数学家再次分析研究了他的这些数字。
[医](水)平扁的,弄平的
  • She flattened her nose and lips against the window. 她把鼻子和嘴唇紧贴着窗户。
  • I flattened myself against the wall to let them pass. 我身体紧靠着墙让他们通过。
a.不知道的,未意识到的
  • They were unaware that war was near. 他们不知道战争即将爆发。
  • I was unaware of the man's presence. 我没有察觉到那人在场。
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
v.给…定位;使适应
  • The explorer climbed a tree in order to orientate himself.那位勘探者为了确定他所在的地点爬到了一颗树上。
  • The mountaineers found it difficult to orientate themselves in the fog.登山的人在浓雾中难以确定自己的方位。
v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰
  • If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话,可能弊多利少。
  • When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件,棘手的事情就来了。
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
adj.地中海的;地中海沿岸的
  • The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
  • Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。
学英语单词
a-shosshe
Adase
Anaconda-Trail process (for zinc extraction)
anti-siccative agent
articleless
Asplenium pinnatifidum
average speed
besugo
binary tree processor network
blending mixer
boiled-out water
Bus Interface Unit
chessels
ciudad trujilloes
co-sleeper
Cobourg Peninsula
coeffcient scale
command service
commnad control program
correction of permanent set of rail
count of dot
coupling spud
deeply-rooteds
demi-cadence
dibromobutyric acid
discharge sump
display subsystem
diuretic mixture
divecha
dog-star
dot and dash signal
double-heights
ECAP
emetines
encephaloceles
endless main
equity ownership
experimental farm
Ferula lehmannii
filbore
fist-pump
flareout analysis
generalized programming extended
groot-vis (great fish r.)
half section
halon fire extinguisher
high tension bushing
history of embryology
holding your breath
hoxes
increasing the solubility of zinc compounds
indizating agent
intern in
jacquard lever
jasjit
juvenile fish
Kairatu
keep your hair on!
labial necrosis of rabbits
Landowska, Wanda
lesbianisms
liathaches
line stocks
Liparis elliptica
low pressure turbine
low-molecular-weight
Mauthner's tests
media hub
mesotonic
metamorphized
microaspirations
monogerm
muster out (of service)
Naxalites
offshore waters
planesful
plasma-arc melting
puffing agent
ratio of asset value to sales
reactor head
refrigerating system oil separator
reutilizes
right-sider
sediment-depositing side of bend
sequential pyrolysis
shop activity edit
short anneal furnace
simply supported at the edges
social ads
sodium nickelous(ii) sulfate
sporoblast
ssgas
subvertise
synnes
tabernacler
the documents
there but for the grace of god
through midsole
tractography
traverse table mapping
up-until
wear-resistant quality