时间:2018-12-12 作者:英语课 分类:英语常用短语


英语课

   11. Catch-22


  读过美国作家 Joseph Heller小说Catch-22吗? 在当代英语中catch-22作为一个独立的单词,使用频率也是非常高的。Catch-22现在用来形容任何自相矛盾、不合逻辑的规定或条件所造成的无法脱身的困境。
  Joseph Heller的小说Catch-22(《第二十二条军规》)中有这样一段对话:
  Yossarian looked at him soberly and tried another approach. "Is Orr crazy?" "He sure is," Doc Daneeka said. "Can you ground him?" "I sure can. But first he has to ask me to. That's part of the rule." "Then why doesn't he ask you to?" "Because he's crazy," Doc Daneeka said. "He has to be crazy to keep flying combat missions after all the close calls he's had. Sure, I can ground Orr. But first he has to ask me to." "That's all he has to do to be grounded?" "That's all. Let him ask me." "And then you can ground him?" Yossarian asked. "No. Then I can't ground him." "You mean there's a catch?" "Sure there's a catch," Doc Daneeka replied. "Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy."
  此时摆在他们面前的就是一个自相矛盾的前提条件,具体地说,如果 Orr 真的神志不清,他完全可以不去执行这次飞行任务。此时他所要做的就是提出停飞申请;但一旦他真的提出申请,也就表明他并未神志不清,他必须去执行这次飞行任务;如果 Orr 真的神志不清,他就会去执行更多的飞行任务;而如果他是清醒的,他肯定不会这样做,但如果他是清醒的,他又必须去执行这次飞行任务;如果他愿意去执行飞行任务,就表明他神志不清,此时他根本无须去执行飞行任务;但如果他不愿意去执行飞行任务,就表明他的神志是清醒的,此时他就必须去执行这次飞行任务。简单而又荒唐的逻辑,他们不就是碰到了一个 Catch-22吗?
  又例如,如果我是一位还没有发表过作品的作家,也就是说,我的作品没有在出版社出版过;我拿着我的作品去出版社商讨出版问题,出版社的人却对我说,他们不替没有发表过作品的人出版作品。如果所有的出版社都给我同样的答复,我岂不是就遇上catch-22了!
  12.Close to the vest
  Close to the vest 有很多异体形式, "playing/keeping it close to the/your vest/chest", 但最早它从一个更长地短语演变而来 "playing your cards close to the vest"。这些短语从字面上看就是"把自己手上的牌紧紧地拿在胸口,以防别人偷看"的意思。我们一起来探究一下它是如何发展为"(做事)小心、谨慎"的意思。
  把牌紧紧地拿在胸口防止他人偷看,就是为了使别人不能从战术上占便宜,所以在游戏中,你会小心翼翼,不让你的对手和他可能的同伙站在你的身后。Sinclair Lewis 在他的作品Babbitt中使用了这个短语,背景是在一男子俱乐部:He was a large man with hair en brosse, and he knew the latest jokes, but he played poker 1 close to the chest。这里作者不单单在做事实性描述,同时意在刻画这位男子的性格。
  而这个短语的隐喻用法则是其本意的自然延伸。如果说某人 play it close to the vest/chest,也就说这个人非常小心,谨慎甚至诡秘的策划什么行动,而且最重要的是隐藏自己的意图及相关信息。牛津英文字典用它来描述神秘的行为,请看原文例句:I couldn't afford to give hints...You have to play these things close to your chest。
  近些年来,这种比喻的用法不光用来描述人,还被用于描述拟人化的公司实体的行为。请看例句:Tivoli Systems, a subsidiary of computer giant IBM, which has responsibility for securing the Olympics computer systems--a network of around 7,300 personal computers--was also playing its cards close to its chest today (AP newsfeed, 2000).
  又如:For an industry that wants to know an awful lot about each and every one of its 'customers'--with and without clothes on--hospitals tend to keep their own business dealings pretty darn close to the vest (The Columbus Dispatch, 2000).
  其实,与扑克牌相关的比喻用法简直不胜枚举,如:keep a poker face, play your cards right, have a card up your sleeve, 或 have an ace 2 in the hole。如果要表达keep your cards close to the vest的反意,也就是不谨慎,毫无戒备,你可以用tip your hand这个短语;如果想表达打开天窗说亮话的意思,可以使用短语lay your cards on the table。
  13.Cold turkey
  一说到“turkey”,大家就会想到“火鸡”,实际上,由“turkey”组成的短语还真不少,而且它们的意思你也不一定都知道。
  首先,我们来谈谈cold turky,你可别认为它是“凉火鸡”的意思。早在1930年的时候,cold turkey作为形容词、副词和名词都被人们使用过。当时作为形容词的用法较常见,意思是 “blunt, frank, plain”(生硬的、坦率的、毫无修饰的)。《每日新闻》(Daily News)上曾有这样的句子: "Stalin didn't like certain cold-turkey facts Kennan reported about Russia." 这里 “cold-turkey facts ”的意思是“生硬的事实”。
  Cold turkey作副词用作状语时的意思是 “即兴、没有任何准备”或“率直地、坦然地”。Carl Sandburg在1922年这样写到: "I'm going to talk cold turkey with booksellers about the hot gravy 3 in the stories."
  关于talk (cold)turkey 的起源有一种说法是,一个白人和一印第安人商量如何分配捕获的猎物。白人说:"You take the turkey and I'll take the crow,or I'll take the turkey and you take the crow". 而印第安人觉察出白人并不是在“ talking turkey”(说心里话),白人其实正盘算着如何将猎物全部占为己有。
  至于作为名词的用法,cold turkey的意思是“说话、做事直截了当”。 "Let's get down to cold turkey." 最能体现这种用法,它的意思就是"Let's get down to business." (谈正经事,切入正题)。
  当然,cold turkey还有一个常见的用法,不过通常用在短语to go (or quit) cold turkey中,意思是突然而彻底的戒毒”。这里cold turkey可以指海洛因、吗啡、尼古丁和咖啡因,还可以指吸食上述毒品的行为或毒瘾,现在quit cold turkey的用法还扩大为戒烟、戒酒,突然戒掉一些上瘾的东西。有人说拔过毛的火鸡皮布满了鸡皮疙瘩(gooseflesh),样子看上去就象戒毒者的症状。所以有了cold turkey的这个用法。
  14.Come-to-Jesus meeting
  当你遇到困难,身处困境,而你的上司却召集你开会,讨论你目前的问题,最后并不忘说一句"好好干,年轻人!"的时候,这种"令人头痛的摊牌会"英语中用"Come-to-Jesus meeting" 来形容恐怕最合适不过。
  这个短语的来源应该追溯到卫理公会教派刚刚传到美国的年代。卫理公会教义中把耶酥基督描述成一位就在人们身边的形象而不是遥不可及的角色,深得人心。一大批颇具魅力的布道士在全国游说演说,所到之处"拯救"人们。这些巡回传道者在营地集会中富有激情的号召大家"走近耶酥"("come to Jesus"), 告诫那些罪人如果他们不知悔改,将遭到诅咒。走近圣坛-走近基督-从人群中走出来承认自己的罪过,接受拯救。
  第一次的"Come-to-Jesus meeting"实际上是在临时搭建的营地的集会,在那儿人们面对面的见到耶酥基督,在那儿没有牧师向你宣扬你的罪行将让基督继续受难,没有圣人替你说情。
  那么,Come-to-Jesus meeting又如何发展为"令人头痛的摊牌会"的意思,却没有详细的记载,只是近年来,越来越多的人开始在不同场合用了这个短语,有时也有把 "meeting" 用作"moment"的,例如:
  "The come-to-Jesus moment for me in my understanding of all this came back in 1990," says John Perry Barlow, the retired 4 Wyoming cattle rancher and digital guru who is co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. (Washington Post, November 2000)
  The come-to-Jesus meeting took place on May 25 at a skybox at Nashville's football stadium, where Gore 5 had gone for a publicity 6 event. He told Coelho that he needed to "work on your relationships." (Newsweek, November 2000)
  He'll be meeting with his advisers 7 there, but already they have said this is not a "come to Jesus" meeting, Tony. No plan for any woodshed scoldings. (Carl Cameron, reporting on G.W. Bush's primary loss in New Hampshire, February 2000 on Fox news)
  15.Cookies
  你喜欢cookie(小甜饼)吗?"小甜饼"现在有"大用途"了。
  现在,互联网浏览器储存在电脑里面的文件夹就被称做cookies 。Cookies 是联网用户计算机硬盘中的一个记录用户个人资料、所用电脑系统的资料和该用户浏览过的网页等资料的资料卡。好多网站为了了解有多少人,什么样的人访问本站,要求第一次访问他们的用户输入自己的姓名、地址、电话号码、职业等个人资料,并将这些资料制作成一份访问者资料卡通过访问者的浏览器存储在访问者电脑的硬盘上,起名为cookies.txt。这就等于给初访者发了一张会员卡。当该用户下次重访该网站时,他的电脑浏览器就会自动出示这张会员卡,不必重重验关就可以进入该网站。
  为何要将这种资料卡取名为cookies 没有人能说清楚。有人说cookies 可能源于海外中国餐馆在客人用完餐离开前向客人所赠"幸运小饼干"(fortune cookies)。这种说法不是没有道理,因为掰开每块"幸运小饼干",里面都有一张小字条,印有一句让客人看后开心一笑的警句之类的吉祥话。有的还描绘客人的个性特点,为客人卜算前程。想必这也是个人化的信息吧。
  还有一种说法,认为cookies 成为电脑术语和《艾丽斯奇境历险记》中出现的magic cookie有关系。 Magic cookie可以神奇地使艾丽斯变大或变小,这和新用户登录网站时,电脑中的某一程序就会因cookie记录相关信息而增加容量有共通之处。不过这个类比似乎站不住脚。因为艾丽斯变大后要想再缩回去的话,必须饮用装在写着"DRINK ME"的瓶子里面装的东西或把"白兔扇"握在手里才行,而电脑术语中的cookie对此没有什么对应。可见,小说情节里的magic cookie和电脑术语里的 cookie还不能完全对不上号。
  话说回来,"幸运小饼干"给网上用户带来的未必是好运,因为它窥探用户的隐私,使人如芒刺在背,感到不安。如果你想知道你电脑中的"小饼干"记录了你哪些资料,不妨打开你的电脑硬盘浏览器目录中的"小饼干"文件看一看。
  16.Cream of the crop
  奶油是从牛奶中提炼出来的,那么庄稼里怎么会提炼出奶油(cream of the crop)来呢?
  语言不是一成不变的。随着时间的推移,许多词汇会由本意引申出比喻意,其比喻义逐渐成为固定用法保留下来,cream就是这样的一个词。
  在有历史记载以来,任何把牛奶作为宝贵食物来源的地方,奶油,作为牛奶的精华,经常用来比喻事物的精髓部分。
  按照《牛津英文词典》的解释,cream的比喻意用法早在1581年就有记录("The gentlemen, which be the creame of the common"), 迄今这个词还经常用来指杰出人物。注意浏览报纸的话,不难发现世界各地的报纸上面都会出现这样的用法,如"the cream of the law graduates," "the cream of British and Irish rugby," "the cream of Lone 8 Star songwriters," 和 "the cream of the zydeco performing world."
  Cream 被广泛用于指代事物的精华,cream of the crop解释成best of the crop应该是非常符合逻辑的,而且这个短语的起源确实和庄稼有关系。1891年10月出版的the Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine上的一段话可以作为证据: "The great and unfailing demand that the canneries have made for California fruit has been largely a moving cause of this change from wheat fields to orchards 9, for the canneries take the very cream of the crop." 现在,best of the crop已经不仅仅局限于best of the crop的意思了。实际上,用短语bet of the crop来形容毕业生、大学生、政治舞台上的候选人以及士兵这样的有不同届、级之分的群体中的优秀人物是最适合的,例如: "The cream of the college crop is always just around the corner" (摘自《2001年旧金山年鉴》), 值得注意的是,这个句子的动词用的是单数形式。
  另外,这个短语押头韵,这也是短语广为流传的一个条件。
  17.Cry wolf
  “狼来了”的故事大家一定都听说过。这个词就是源于《伊索寓言》中的这个故事:一个牧童常喊"狼来了!"使邻人惊慌而自己从中取乐,后来狼果然来了,但是没有人相信他的呼喊,于是他的羊群全部被狼咬死了。
  日常生活中,人们用这个词形容那些发出假警报欺骗他人的行为。
  譬如说:If you keep on crying wolf, nobody will trust you.如果你老是发假警报的话,没人会相信你了。
  再譬如说: That politician cries wolf in every speech he makes. 那个政治家在他的每篇演说中都虚发警报。
  18.Cup of Tea
  一位美国人和一位来自捷克的妇女交谈。 在谈话中, 美国人用了 "not my cup of tea" 这个短语, 而他们谈话的内容并没有涉及"喝茶",捷克女士便很疑惑。后来美国人跟她解释道, "not my cup of tea"这个短语在美国,可以用来形容你不喜欢或不在意的东西。相反的, "one's cup of tea"自然可以用来表示"某人感兴趣或喜爱的东西"。
  原先,cup of tea只是简单地用来比喻某个人或事。牛津字典里引用了19世纪中上期的几个例子-在当时,cup of tea指的是人,尤其是那些人物特征与茶味具有共性的,比如愁苦的人。最典型的例子出现在新西兰的神秘小说家Ngaio Marsh1939年的作品当中:"Miss Prentice…seems to be a very unpleasant cup of tea." (Miss Prentice…像是个讨人厌的人。)
  这个词也被用来强调对比,包括任何显而易见的反差。比如: "London in wartime…is a very different cup of tea from Winchester."(Sarah Russell, To Bed With Grand Music, 1946)
  Cup of tea还可以指任务,话题,人,或任何让人感到合适的东西。它可以是任何你喜欢的人或事。1980年的一期《华盛顿时报》这样写到:"If classics are your cup of tea, these unabridged recording 10 of great books…are terrific."( 如果你爱好古典音乐,那么这些篇章完整的唱片将给你带来无比的享受。)
  否定表达式not my cup of tea同样被普遍运用。典型例子,另一位神秘小说家Josephine Tey1948年在他的THE FRANCHISE 11 AFFAIR 写道, "Probably she isn't your cup of tea…You have always preferred them a little stupid, and blond."
  相对于英国悠长的饮茶文化而言, cup of tea 的喻义用法流行时间并不算长。不过即便是在19世纪以后的英美文学作品当中,出现更多的是a dish of tea的用法 而非a cup of tea。如以下例句: "People who love biography will love this book (whether or not Churchill is their dish of tea.)"(摘自《圣彼得堡时报》
  19.Curtain lecture
  千万不要乱用这个词啊,因为不是随便哪个人都可以给你一个curtain lecture的。什么样的lecture才算是curtain lecture呢?这里的curtain指的是床帐。因此,curtain lecture 自然是指妻子在床头对丈夫的训斥了。
  在上世纪中叶受人欢迎的英国幽默插图杂志《笨拙》周刊(Punch),就是因为发表了道琼斯?杰罗尔德所写的《考黛尔夫人的枕边劝戒》而身价倍增。在日常生活中,一般人们会在这种情况下用到这个词:If you are late back from the club, my boy, you'll get a curtain lecture, mark my words. 我的好伙计,如果你去俱乐部而太晚回家的话,你老婆可不会饶你的。记住我的话吧。
  20.Cutting edge
  On the cutting edge或 at the cutting edge 最早出现在五十年代,它的字面意思是锐器的锋利的部位,现在最通常的隐喻义是处在最前沿的位置。例如Ever since it outlawed 12 public school segregation 13 in 1954, the U.S. Supreme 14 Court has been on the cutting edge of civil rights advances. (Time, 1988)
  类似的短语leading edge也属于这种隐喻用法,不过起先它的意思是指机翼或螺旋桨叶。
  Cutting edge目前还在广泛使用,而leading edge则多少有点过时。如今可用来描述新概念,新款式和新产品的词汇实在太多了。
  比如,bleeding edge通常描述有一定风险的新生事物,如可能带来经济灾难或只是昙花一现的新事物。下面的一段解释就可以反映出"风险"的意思 "Leading Edge or Bleeding Edge: Staying at the forefront of technological 15 innovation without going overboard......Working on the edge of technological innovation can be a difficult balancing act" (Newport Communications, 1997)。Bleeding edge 大约在20年前在句子 "Environmental management is an organization that addresses change and manages that change so the DP community can be state of the art without being the 'bleeding edge'" (Computerworld, 1983) 第一次出现,如今通常用它来指电脑技术。
  形容词edgy 16 也有 on the cutting edge的意思,尽管它的内涵是大胆创新("being innovative 17 in a daring or discomfiting 18 way"),不过它不像bleeding edge那样显得颇具风险。例如 "Crisp, edgy and sometimes startlingly raunchy style...the chuckles 19 keep coming like poisoned darts 20." (Newsweek, 1999).
  也许"bleeding edge", "edgy" 很快就会像 "leading edge"一样成为过时的用法, "cutting edge" 成为它们当中寿命最长的短语。

1 poker
n.扑克;vt.烙制
  • He was cleared out in the poker game.他打扑克牌,把钱都输光了。
  • I'm old enough to play poker and do something with it.我打扑克是老手了,可以玩些花样。
2 ace
n.A牌;发球得分;佼佼者;adj.杰出的
  • A good negotiator always has more than one ace in the hole.谈判高手总有数张王牌在手。
  • He is an ace mechanic.He can repair any cars.他是一流的机械师,什么车都会修。
3 gravy
n.肉汁;轻易得来的钱,外快
  • You have spilled gravy on the tablecloth.你把肉汁泼到台布上了。
  • The meat was swimming in gravy.肉泡在浓汁之中。
4 retired
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的
  • The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
  • Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
5 gore
n.凝血,血污;v.(动物)用角撞伤,用牙刺破;缝以补裆;顶
  • The fox lay dying in a pool of gore.狐狸倒在血泊中奄奄一息。
  • Carruthers had been gored by a rhinoceros.卡拉瑟斯被犀牛顶伤了。
6 publicity
n.众所周知,闻名;宣传,广告
  • The singer star's marriage got a lot of publicity.这位歌星的婚事引起了公众的关注。
  • He dismissed the event as just a publicity gimmick.他不理会这件事,只当它是一种宣传手法。
7 advisers
顾问,劝告者( adviser的名词复数 ); (指导大学新生学科问题等的)指导教授
  • a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
  • She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。
8 lone
adj.孤寂的,单独的;唯一的
  • A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
  • She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。
9 orchards
(通常指围起来的)果园( orchard的名词复数 )
  • They turned the hills into orchards and plains into granaries. 他们把山坡变成了果园,把平地变成了粮仓。
  • Some of the new planted apple orchards have also begun to bear. 有些新开的苹果园也开始结苹果了。
10 recording
n.录音,记录
  • How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间?
  • I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。
11 franchise
n.特许,特权,专营权,特许权
  • Catering in the schools is run on a franchise basis.学校餐饮服务以特许权经营。
  • The United States granted the franchise to women in 1920.美国于1920年给妇女以参政权。
12 outlawed
宣布…为不合法(outlaw的过去式与过去分词形式)
  • Most states have outlawed the use of marijuana. 大多数州都宣布使用大麻为非法行为。
  • I hope the sale of tobacco will be outlawed someday. 我希望有朝一日烟草制品会禁止销售。
13 segregation
n.隔离,种族隔离
  • Many school boards found segregation a hot potato in the early 1960s.在60年代初,许多学校部门都觉得按水平分班是一个棘手的问题。
  • They were tired to death of segregation and of being kicked around.他们十分厌恶种族隔离和总是被人踢来踢去。
14 supreme
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的
  • It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
15 technological
adj.技术的;工艺的
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
16 edgy
adj.不安的;易怒的
  • She's been a bit edgy lately,waiting for the exam results.她正在等待考试结果,所以最近有些焦躁不安。
  • He was nervous and edgy, still chain-smoking.他紧张不安,还在一根接一根地抽着烟。
17 innovative
adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
  • Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
  • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
18 discomfiting
v.使为难( discomfit的现在分词 );使狼狈;使挫折;挫败
  • The Atomic Bazaar is an excellent introduction to this most discomfiting topic. 原子集市》是关于这个极令人不安的话题的一本优秀的入门读物。 来自互联网
  • It is a discomfiting historical fact that great power shifts in the global economy are dangerous. 一个令人不安的历史事实是:全球经济中的重大权力转移是危险的。 来自互联网
19 chuckles
轻声地笑( chuckle的名词复数 )
  • Father always chuckles when he reads the funny papers. 父亲在读幽默报纸时总是低声发笑。
  • [Chuckles] You thought he was being poisoned by hemlock? 你觉得他中的会是芹叶钩吻毒吗?
20 darts
n.掷飞镖游戏;飞镖( dart的名词复数 );急驰,飞奔v.投掷,投射( dart的第三人称单数 );向前冲,飞奔
  • His darts trophy takes pride of place on the mantelpiece. 他将掷镖奖杯放在壁炉顶上最显著的地方。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I never saw so many darts in a bodice! 我从没见过紧身胸衣上纳了这么多的缝褶! 来自《简明英汉词典》
标签: 英语短语
学英语单词
Afr.
alber's projection
allobiocenose
Ammotragus lervia
assets leased to others
attachment effect
automatic program segmentation
backchecking
bacterial symbiont
Bacterium dispar
blunt trailing edge
Bombycilla
carbopol
carriage type doffer
china-burma-india
colonoileoscope
compound shoreline
constant dollar income
constructor operation
contact breaker arm
conventional navigation chart
convolvuloides
crooked alignment
crystal engineering
cut up wire shot
d.j.f.
delivery point
doctrine of necessity
duckert
durn tooting
egg coal
embalming room
estuance
figured-fabric loom
finite thin sheet
fire ordeal
flat rectangular element
flexing
fluorocitric acid
freight compartment
gengler
ginns
grain moths
haplogroups
histological chemistry
Ialibu, Mt.
ideal integer
image-sketch-relation conversion
impermeable foundation
indexed sequential file
infrared phosphor
initial task index
Inspection-district
interrupter switch
investment bond
kuchta
Laclede County
lateral stabilizer
longitudinal magnetoresistance
malleatory chorea
meromorphic curve
methyl linoleate
milli-grams
Murray, Gilbert
n-perfluoroheptane
nannoliths
nephesh
open phase protection
Oposim
overspraying
oxytocin(OXT)
pay into sth
permutational isomer
Perroncito's phenomenon, Perroncito's spirals
production planning subsystem
reciprocal space
reilluminates
relaxed oscillation
remote sensing film
rid oneself of
river rats
salvage cruiser
self-check function
simagre
snow plow train
take someone through something
takle
tallitot
team-taught
Text cursor
thirteeners
train dispatchers
us regal
Vampyromorpha
varietal yield test
velociment
white backed planthopper
wolfram ore
xerostomic
zaranthan
zonality